Applications of complex surfaces in ophthalmic lens design: microlens arrays, freeform surfaces, and diffractive optics

Complex surface technologies, including microlens arrays, freeform surfaces, and diffractive optics, are employed in ophthalmic lenses to improve visual acuity and optical quality. These surfaces have revolutionized the way we achieve vision correction and enhance optical performance. With the continuous advancement of technology, significant progress has been made in optical design within the field of ophthalmic lenses. In this review, we focus on the basic principles, the development status of innovative technologies, and diverse applications of these complex surface optical systems in ophthalmic lenses. We review the advantages and disadvantages of applying microlens arrays, freeform surfaces, and diffractive designs in ophthalmic lenses. These analyses help researchers select the best surface design for different ophthalmic lenses, leading to the generation of more designs with excellent optical performance. Moreover, we delve into the challenges and constraints encountered in the practical application of these technologies and offer insights into the future research directions and development trends in the field of ophthalmic lenses.