The Global Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance and Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Chickens: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2011-2024).

Background: Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) are important foodborne pathogens that cause serious public health consequences worldwide. This study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the global prevalence of antibiotic resistance and STEC in chickens. Methods: The assessment of previous study records was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using Cochrane's Q test and I² test statistics based on the random effects model, and comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA) software v4.0 was used to analyse the pooled prevalence estimate (PPE) of antibiotic resistance and STEC in chickens. Results: A total of 61 studies comprising 823 STEC from 18 countries were included in this study. The overall pooled prevalence of STEC was 8.9% (95% CI: 0.620-0.126). m-PCR assay showed the highest PPE of 21.0% (95%: 0.088-0.420). stx1 had the higher PPE of 12.9% (95%: 0.081-0.199), while stx2 had a PPE of 11.8% (95%: 0.077-0.176). Furthermore, the serotype O157 had the higher PPE of 80.5% (95%: 0.520-0.940). The isolates were resistant to the following antibiotics: amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, ampicillin, neomycin, and amoxicillin. Conclusions: These findings may assist in the prevention and control of STEC in chickens globally. To minimise the spread of STEC and antibiotic resistance, future foodborne pathogen prevention and control programmes should prioritise increasing laboratory capacity for the early identification of antibiotic resistance.