Resveratrol from grape pomace: Mitigation of lead-induced oxidative stress-related renal toxicity: In silico and In vivo studies

Utilizing industrial agricultural waste is a beneficial approach that can reduce the negative environmental impact of agro-waste and valorize its potential for use in the food, health, and agricultural sectors. This study used grape pomace as a low-cost source of resveratrol (RES).The RES content in grape pomace extract was estimated as 12 μg/g using multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) LC-MS2, and its fingerprint protons were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis (¹H NMR). Based on the network pharmacology and molecular docking results, RES appears to have potential activity in relieving nephrotoxicity by ameliorating oxidative stress and inflammation pathways. Consequently, the in-vivo study confirmed the nephroprotective effects of RES in lead acetate (PbAc)-exposed rats. PbAc-induced kidney damage was evidenced by the overproduction of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, elevation of inflammation markers, induction of pathological signs in PbAc-exposed rats, and significant increases in serum urea and creatinine levels. However, co-treatment with RES together with PbAc relieved the oxidative stress and inflammation at the protein and mRNA levels, as well as improved renal functions in PbAc-exposed rats. The integrated biomarker response (IBR) illustrated that RES significantly mitigated the toxic effects of PbAc exposure, which considers RES a potential nephroprotective natural drug obtained from grape pomace.