Standardized scale development for fogg behavioral model towards energy-saving behavioral change in buildings

In this study, a systematic procedure was proposed, according to an interdisciplinary perspective, to apply the Fogg Behavioral Model (FBM) to the field of energy-saving behavior change. On the basis of this procedure, a standardized scale was developed to assess the motivation and ability variables associated with energy-saving behaviors among building occupants within the FBM framework. First, the latent FBM variables were mapped onto the context of energy-saving behavior change. Then, an initial item pool was established by adopting human behavior-related classical theories and corresponding measurement items. Subsequently, data was collected to validate the initial item pool and conduct three studies: (1) study 1 refined unclear expressions through expert verification; (2) study 2 evaluated the item pool in a representative sample (high- and low-score groups) using a Critical-ratio test and explored the factorial structure of the item pool through exploratory factor analysis, and (3) study 3 confirmed the proposed structure using confirmatory factor analysis and examined convergent and discriminant validity. Ultimately, an 11-item version of the standardized scale was developed, which demonstrated high internal consistency and a good overall model fit. Evidence from discriminant and convergent validity analyses also confirmed its effectiveness as a comprehensive measurement tool. The proposed procedure, along with the developed standardized scale, facilitates the objective measurement of motivation and ability variables, thereby enhancing the practical application of FBM in the field of energy-saving behavioral change. Furthermore, researchers in other domains can adapt these variables to extend FBM’s applicability in driving behavioral change across diverse contexts.