Nanoengineered biosensors: Advancing coronary artery disease diagnosis with cutting-edge nanomaterials

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a highly prevalent cardiovascular disorder worldwide, underscoring the urgent need for effective diagnostic strategies. Early detection of CAD biomarkers is critical to mitigate mortality rates. Current diagnostic methods face limitations such as low sensitivity, high costs, long processing times, poor selectivity, reliance on contrast agents, and procedural invasiveness. Nanoengineered biosensors have emerged as a transformative alternative, enabling highly sensitive, selective, rapid, cost-effective, label-free, and minimally/non-invasive in vitro detection of CAD biomarkers. This review focuses on the latest advancements in nano-biosensors for early CAD diagnosis. It examines the global prevalence of CAD, discusses key CAD biomarkers, and summarizes the types of biosensors and nanomaterials used in their design. The article highlights customized biosensor platforms developed by researchers, emphasizing their performance in detecting CAD biomarkers in clinical samples (for example: serum, plasma, etc.). As a result, these biosensors demonstrate excellent sensitivity, selectivity, wide linear ranges, low detection limits, stability, and reproducibility. While challenges remain, the progress in nano-biosensor technology holds significant promise for early CAD biomarker detection. Future applications of these advanced biosensors could revolutionize CAD management by enabling timely intervention, ultimately reducing the burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).