Research on the design and hierarchical control strategy of wind-PV-energy storage and electric vehicle integrated energy systems for zero-carbon buildings

Zero-carbon buildings achieve energy self-sufficiency through renewable energy like wind and solar, but their power generation is intermittent, while electric vehicles (EVs) as flexible loads can compensate for this drawback. However, the current prevalence of uncoordinated EV charging loads poses significant challenges to grid stability, making the implementation of coordinated control strategies an urgent priority in this field. This study establishes an interactive energy system integrating wind power, photovoltaics, battery energy storage, and EVs, while proposing a hierarchical control strategy for orderly EV charging management. The strategy prioritizes meeting users’ rigid energy demands before addressing flexible load requirements. A dynamic simulation model of the energy system is developed using TRNSYS coupled with MATLAB, with an integrated evaluation framework based on the TOPSIS algorithm proposed to assess system matching capability, flexibility, and environmental benefits. The framework enables systematic performance evaluation across multiple temporal scales and technological configurations. Finally, the analysis investigates the impacts of EV number and commuting time. The constructed system achieves maximum improvements of 57.17% in matching capacity on-site energy fraction (OEF) and 9.03% in on-site energy matching (OEM) compared to conventional systems. Flexibility criteria show maximum reductions of 34.43% in grid integration level (GIL) and 26.53% in net interaction level (NIL). The ordered regulation strategy enhances system matching capability, flexibility, and environmental benefits. The system can provide efficient energy matching for zero-carbon buildings, offering theoretical support for carbon reduction design in building-transportation synergy.