Photoelectrochemical sensor incorporating AgNPs-integrated BiOBr/Ti3C2 layed composites for the efficient detection of bisphenol A detection in water and milk samples

In this study, a 2D/2D BiOBr/Ti₃C₂ layered composites was synthesized and subsequently integrated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) via photodeposition to form the AgNPs/BiOBr/Ti₃C₂ composite. Based on this composite, a novel photoelectrochemical sensor was fabricated on ITO substrate for quantitative detection of bisphenol A (BPA). The BiOBr/Ti₃C₂ exhibited an enhanced contact interface, which facilitated effective charge separation and established a robust foundation for improved photocurrent generation. Meanwhile, the integration of AgNPs with SPR effect further improved the photoelectrochemical properties. The resulting AgNPs/BiOBr/Ti₃C₂/ITO sensors demonstrated good reproducibility, stability and resistance to interference, with wide linear range (0.0001–50 μmol L⁻¹) and low detection limit (0.63 nmol L⁻¹) for BPA. Recoveries for environmental water, bottled water and milk samples ranged from 90.8 % to 101.6 % with RSD below 5.0 % (n = 3), showing good correlation with HPLC results (r² > 0.99). Consequently, the proposed AgNPs/BiOBr/Ti₃C₂/ITO sensor provides an effective strategy for BPA detection, showcasing significant potential for practical applications.