Innovations in wearable biosensors: A pathway to 24/7 personalized healthcare

Recent advancements in wearable biosensors have transformed personalized healthcare by enabling real-time monitoring of physiological and biochemical signals. This review highlights the pivotal role of advanced materials, including nanomaterials (e.g., MXenes, graphene, gold nanowires), hydrogels, and bio-derived materials, in enhancing the sensitivity, stretchability, and biocompatibility of wearable devices. Focusing on chemical biomarkers such as glucose, lactate, and pH, alongside physical signals like temperature and motion, the review underscores their applications in sweat, saliva, tears, and interstitial fluid monitoring. Integration with cutting-edge transduction mechanisms, such as electrochemical and optical sensing, is explored to demonstrate their potential for accurate, continuous health tracking. While addressing challenges like material durability and scalability, this review identifies opportunities for advancing wearable biosensor design and real-world implementation. This material-focused perspective provides valuable insights for researchers and industry professionals aiming to develop next-generation wearable biosensors that are both effective and user-friendly for daily use.