Untargeted HPLC metabolomic profiling and antioxidant activity of wild rocket’s (Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.) edible leaves influenced by biofortification, hybrid varieties and harvest time

Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC., commonly known as wild rocket, is a notable vegetable whose distinctive, pungent, leaf aroma has gained significant interest. This study aimed to investigate how the content and profile of pigments, phenolics, and glucosinolates in wild rocket leaves are influenced by varieties, biofortification, and consecutive harvests. The content of total pigments, and phytochemicals in the leaves of three hybrid varieties of wild rocket was determined together with antioxidant properties. Additionally, a detailed profile of phenolics and glucosinolates was assessed using an UHPLC Q-ToF-MS analysis. In total, 22 phenolics (mostly flavonols/phenolic acids derivatives) were quantified, as well as 4 glucosinolates, with glucosativin being the most predominant. Phytochemical levels fluctuated across hybrids, treatments and harvests. The harvest time influenced antioxidant properties. The UHPLC Q-ToF-MS analysis revealed varied phenolics influenced by hybrid/treatment, while glucosinolate profile remained unchanged. These findings highlight the potential of wild rocket as a functional food.