The experiences of racism and cultural socialization by Chinese parents in Canada and the United States: The interplay of acute, everyday, and internalized racism.

Objectives: The present study aimed to gain more understanding of the relationship between racism and cultural socialization among Chinese parents in Canada and the United States. The study examined the interplay of three types of racial discrimination experiences (acute, everyday, and internalized) and the potential differences in their associations with parental cultural socialization.

Method: Chinese parents who lived in Canada and the United States (n = 478) completed a voluntary cross-sectional online survey that contained the Acute and Everyday Racism Scale, the Colonial Mentality Scale (internalized racism), and the modified version of the Cultural Socialization Scale. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesized model.

Results: The structural model showed that acute racism was negatively related to internalized racism, while the relationship was positive between everyday racism and internalized racism. Moreover, parents who reported higher levels of internalized racism were less likely to convey cultural messages to their children. In addition, findings indicated that Chinese parents' cultural socialization practices were related to their age, their children's age, annual household income, and place of origin.

Conclusion: This study contributes to the literature by revealing the experience of Chinese parents living in Canada and the United States. The findings demonstrate the importance of addressing parents' appraisal and internalization of negative racialized experiences when working with Chinese families. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).