Biosensing solutions for protein measurement in blood-derived media: a review

Efficient biosensing in blood and blood-derived media, such as plasma and serum, is crucial for molecular diagnostics. However, the complexity of blood components makes the selective measurement of analytes highly challenging, as these media contain various cells, proteins, saccharides, and lipids that interact with sensor surfaces in different ways. This review highlights the challenges and advances in biosensing within blood-derived media, with a focus on overcoming nonspecific interactions that interfere with selective measurements. We specifically address protein detection, as proteins are key indicators of disease presence, progression, and treatment response. First, we discuss blood’s composition and its interaction with sensor surfaces. Established protein detection methods like ELISA, western blot, and mass spectrometry are reviewed alongside strategies for enhancing selectivity and reducing nonspecific binding. We also explore label-free biosensors, which enable miniaturized, real-time monitoring but are vulnerable to interference. Finally, we discussed future directions, emphasizing improved real-time diagnostics in clinical settings.