Monitoring and risk assessment of pesticide residues in bananas: Insights from Egypt

The study comprehensively evaluated banana pesticide residues across key Egyptian regions between 2021 and 2023, focusing on their potential health risks and regulatory compliance. Using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS methods, 395 samples were analyzed for 430 pesticides, ensuring method reliability through strict adherence to SANTE guidelines. The results revealed that 44.1 % of samples contained detectable residues, with 9.9 % exceeding maximum residue limits (MRLs), highlighting gaps in pesticide management practices. Metalaxyl, chlorpyrifos, and thiamethoxam were the most frequently detected pesticides, with notable violations attributed to chlorpyrifos and propargite, reflecting improper application practices and non-compliance with pre-harvest intervals. The dietary risk assessment confirmed that most pesticide residues posed no significant chronic health risks, with %ADI values well below 100 %, ensuring consumer safety. However, elevated residues of certain pesticides, such as cypermethrin, raised concerns about environmental contamination and cumulative exposure risks. Regional variations in climatic conditions and agricultural practices influenced residue levels, emphasizing the need for tailored management strategies. The study underscores the importance of farmer education, integrated pest management, and adherence to international regulatory standards to ensure food safety and sustainable banana production in Egypt. This research provides actionable insights for policymakers to strengthen monitoring systems and promote sustainable agricultural practices.