Exploring the Dual Nature of Integrated Crop–Livestock Systems: A Review of Environmental Benefits and Risk Challenges

Integrated crop–livestock systems (ICLS) are acknowledged as both productive and environmentally sustainable, with notable potential to optimize resource use, enhance ecosystem services, and boost crop yields. However, manure application, a critical component of ICLS, may amplify negative environmental impacts, particularly the risks associated with emerging pollutants, which remain underexplored and insufficiently understood. This comprehensive review seeks to thoroughly evaluate the environmental benefits of ICLS. It integrates case studies of successful ICLS models implemented across leading agricultural nations to deepen insights into their practical application. Moreover, this review uniquely underscores the environmental challenges posed by emerging pollutants in ICLS and examines mitigation strategies. Additionally, technological advancements, sustainable practices, assessment models, and policy interventions are essential for ICLS development, highlighting the need for further in-depth research.