Nutritional Composition, Phytochemical Profile, Extraction Methods of Bioactive Components, and Health Benefits of Terminalia Arjuna Bark

Terminalia arjuna, known as Arjuna, is a medicinal plant native to the Indian subcontinent. It has a rich history of traditional use and contains a wide range of phytoconstituents that contribute to its potential health benefits. The key phytoconstituents in Terminalia arjuna include polyphenols, triterpenoids, flavonoids, and tannins. The plant's bark is rich in polyphenols, particularly gallic acid and ellagic acid derivatives, which are powerful antioxidants. These antioxidants can protect cells from oxidative stress and may help prevent degenerative diseases. Additionally, Terminalia arjuna contains triterpenoids like arjunolic acid and arjunic acid, which have various therapeutic properties, including cardioprotective, anti-allergic, anti-cancer, and antibacterial effects. Flavonoids found in Terminalia arjuna, such as luteolin and quercetin, contribute to its potential cardiovascular benefits. These compounds have been studied for their positive effects on heart health. Tannins, including pyrocatechols and punicalagin, are also present in the bark and are known for their astringent properties, wound-healing abilities, and possible antimicrobial activity. This review highlights the Terminalia arjuna potential health benefits include cardioprotection, antioxidant effects, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, hypolipidemic (lipid-lowering) effects, and potential anti-cancer and antibacterial actions.