Temporal and Cross-Country (Dis)Similarities in Transition to Adulthood: A Comparison of 23 European Countries

In recent decades, the transition to adulthood in Europe has received significant research interest. This study uses data from two rounds of the European Social Survey (ESS) to explore longitudinal work and family life courses through a multichannel sequence analysis. This method examines individual work and family events within a holistic context, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of how these events interrelate and quantifies similarities and differences in life courses across various indicators of adulthood. To further understand these transitions, the study employs dyadic regressions to identify both temporal and cross-country similarities and differences. It also introduces a novel approach that evaluates life courses based on substantive patterns and quantitative differences. The findings reveal that individuals from the same country and cohort generally exhibit more similar life courses. Postwar cohorts show the highest level of similarity in their life courses, while younger generations exhibit greater dissimilarity with other cohorts. Yet, within these younger cohorts, there is a trend towards increased homogeneity, indicating a re-standardization of life courses. The study also highlights regional variations: Southern European countries and those with liberal welfare systems show the most pronounced differences in the transition to adulthood, while Central and Eastern European countries experience the least de-standardization. Additionally, new patterns of transitioning to adulthood appear to be spreading from Northern Europe to other regions.