Prehabilitation Strategies: Enhancing Surgical Resilience with a Focus on Nutritional Optimization and Multimodal Interventions

Surgery imposes significant physiological and psychological stress, often leading to complications, delayed recovery, and prolonged hospital stays. Prehabilitation, a proactive strategy to optimize patients’ resilience before surgery, has emerged as a transformative approach in perioperative care. Nutritional prehabilitation specifically addresses metabolic dysregulation, muscle loss, and immune suppression caused by surgical stress. This review highlights the critical role of nutritional prehabilitation within a multimodal framework, integrating exercise, psychological support, and emerging technologies. Although some evidence supports the effectiveness of prehabilitation in enhancing functional outcomes and improvements in rates of complications and mortality, its implementation faces challenges such as resources, lack of standardized protocols, and variability across healthcare settings, highlighting the need for greater standardization. Physical training as part of prehabilitation also improves mood, fosters patient engagement, and instills a sense of control over the disease process. These psychosocial benefits, alongside enhanced patient-reported outcomes and qualitative measures, reflect the holistic value of prehabilitation. Emerging technologies, such as wearable devices and telemedicine, offer scalable and personalized solutions for delivering prehabilitation, particularly in resource-limited settings. Future research should prioritize refining protocols, exploring long-term outcomes, and addressing the unique needs of high-risk populations. By emphasizing a proactive approach to perioperative care, this review aims to highlight the potential of nutritional prehabilitation as a foundational component of multimodal strategies designed to optimize surgical resilience, empower patients, and transform surgical recovery into a proactive and patient-centered journey.