An enhanced genetics × environment × management framework for yield intensification

The classic genetics × environment × management framework, used for assessing crop yield, can be extended to include four enabling factors for yield intensification (knowledge, availability of critical goods and services, experience, and capability). The resulting framework, ‘GEM4’, enables managers and advisors to identify farm-level constraints to yield intensification. The framework may be a useful tool for research and development initiatives at local or global levels supporting crop yield intensification.