MAFLD: Exploring the Systemic Effects Beyond Liver.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a growing global health concern which is driven by the increasing prevalence of diabetes and obesity. MAFLD is characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the liver, which encompasses a range of conditions, from simple hepatic steatosis to more severe forms. This condition is associated with various complications, including chronic kidney disease (CKD), Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), liver cirrhosis, and even malignancy. Recent research has highlighted a potential connection between gut dysbiosis and MAFLD, particularly in relation to CKD. This has underscored the significance of the gut-liver-kidney axis in understanding MAFLD's pathogenesis. Inflammation triggered by MAFLD increases the risk of CVD through multiple mechanisms linked to metabolic dysfunction. These mechanisms include heightened oxidative stress, systemic and hepatic insulin resistance, low-grade inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Hepatic steatosis and metabolic dysfunction are major diagnostic criteria for MAFLD, often coexisting with other liver ailments. This prospective review emphasizes the intricate associations between MAFLD, cardiovascular complications, renal issues, and hepatic diseases. Understanding the underlying pathophysiological pathways is crucial in comprehending the increased risk of CKD, CVD, and other hepatic complications in individuals with MAFLD.