Factors affecting households’ adaptive energy-efficient upgrades in response to the energy crisis: The Norwegian case

Individual household energy-efficiency upgrading behaviours in relation to buildings are crucial in mitigating carbon emissions, yet understanding the predictors of these behaviours in the Norwegian context presents a research challenge. The principal aim of this study is to investigate the adoption patterns of energy-efficiency upgrades by Norwegian households, particularly in response to the energy crisis. It seeks to determine how socio-demographic, dwelling-related, household contextual, and psychological factors affect household behaviours concerning three upgrading measures – namely, private photovoltaic (PV) installation, flexible electricity use, and dwelling insulation. Based on survey data (N = 3514) collected in 2023 from Norwegian households, the study delineates a significant upsurge in all these three energy-efficiency upgrades within the past three years, driven by social norms, self-efficacy, and increased motivation to support the energy system after the energy crisis. The study also anticipates rapid growth in private PV systems and flexible electricity use over the next three years, influenced by social pressures, wider technology adoption, and a stronger desire to cut energy costs. The adoption of private PV systems is predominantly seen among high-income households, which is influenced by high fixed costs, inadequate institutional incentives, substantial rises in electricity prices, and a commitment to supporting the energy system post-crisis. The quick uptake of flexible electricity use is significantly influenced by social norms and technology’s compatibility with daily routines. Key factors driving insulation actions include the building age, the presence of younger household members with the necessary physical capability and skills, and the right timing perceptions. In addition, residential duration influences adoption patterns, with newer residents prioritizing personalization through high-tech measures and long-term residents focusing on maintaining insulation. This study will also discuss potential implications for policymakers in designing incentives tailored to households’ profiles and for investors in improving market strategies.