Network pharmacology and in vitro experiments reveal the potential therapeutic effects of Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl in the treatment of ameloblastoma

Purpose

This study aimed to explore active ingredients in Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl (SNH) with potential effects on ameloblastoma (AM) using network pharmacological approach, bioinformatic gene analysis and in vitro cell experiments.

Methods

The active ingredients and their corresponding targets of SNH were identified from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP), as well as SwissTargetPrediction. Disease targets of AM were selected from GeneCards and DisGeNET databases. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of AM were identified, and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis were performed using the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset GSE38494 through bioinformatic analysis. The STRING database platform was utilized to generate a protein–protein interaction network diagram, followed by hub gene analysis using Cytoscape software. AutoDock Vina software was used to perform molecular docking verification of the effects of the active ingredients on potential core targets. Additionally, in vitro experiments including quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), EdU assay and CCK-8 cell proliferation assay were conducted using AM cell line AM-1 after SNH extract treatment.

Result

The study revealed that SNH contains eight active ingredients and a total of 388 drug targets, including 10 potential core targets in AM. Hub genes identified in the analysis were CCNA2, HRAS, PTGS2, PIK3CB, FGFR1, CASP3, MMP1, SLC2A1, MMP14, and MME. Molecular docking analysis demonstrated strong binding activity between key active ingredients (β-sitosterol, scropolioside A_qt, scropolioside D, scropolioside D_qt, and sugiol) and target genes (CASP3, FGFR1, HRAS, PTGS2, and SLC2A1). Gene Ontology enrichment analysis indicated that SNH exerts its effects on AM through pathways related to cellular response to abiotic stimulus, cellular response to hypoxia, and exopeptidase activity. Immunohistochemical analysis using tissue microarray showed higher expression of MMP14 and PTGS2 in AM compared to dentigerous cyst. Using AM-1 cell line, RT-qPCR results confirmed that SNH suppressed the expression of MMP14 and PTGS2 at mRNA level. Additionally, the EdUassay and CCK-8 assay indicated the inhibitory effect of SNH on the proliferation of AM-1 cells.

Conclusion

These findings showed that SNH could suppress expression of MMP14 and PTGS2 and restrain the proliferation of AM. Our study highlights the potential of SNH as a promising therapeutic candidate for AM, which may provide more options for clinical treatment.