Unveiling the microbial metabolites in ruminant milk for medicinal purposes

Milk, as a dietary supplement, is crucial for maintaining health and potentially preventing disease throughout life. Both traditional Chinese medicine and modern nutritional science have revealed that milk from different mammals can benefit humans, exhibiting distinct medicinal functions. It can be inferred that milk contains not only multiple nutrients but also an abundance of bioactive components that have health benefits for milk consumers. However, limited studies have focused on the differences in bioactive metabolites in milk derived from various ruminants and their distinct medical functions. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the diversity of microbial metabolites and their associated health benefits, which are primarily shaped by the rumen-mammary gland axis. Our findings reveal the pivotal role played by microbial metabolites in facilitating the microbiome's influence on human physiology. Finally, we conclude that ruminant milk may offer a path to harness these metabolites’ therapeutic benefits. To increase these metabolites in milk, there is need to design dietary supplements for dairy ruminants, which could enhance milk's medicinal value and aroma, revolutionizing ruminant husbandry.