A scoping review of cultivated meat techno-economic analyses to inform future research directions for scaled-up manufacturing

Techno-economic analyses offer insights into how industrial cultivated meat (CM) production could achieve price parity with conventional meat. These analyses use scaling practices, data and facility designs for related bioprocessing fields, including large (≥20,000 l) stirred tank bioreactors and suspension-tolerant, continuously available cell lines. This approach is inconsistent with most primary CM literature, which parallels bench-scale tissue engineering. TEAs published to date demonstrate that, under the current technological paradigm, CM is unlikely to be competitive with conventional meat. Scale-up feasibility may hinge on cost-saving areas such as use of plant-based media components, food-grade aseptic conditions and extensive scaling of related supply chains. Research must address knowledge gaps including serum-free differentiation, new bioreactor designs and facility design before CM can become a viable alternative to animal-based meat production. Technological advancements are needed before cultivated meat can supply dietary protein at a competitive cost and with lower environmental impacts than livestock production. This Review explores how techno-economic analyses can guide research towards providing sustainable scaled-up cultivated beef production.