Plant exosomes-like nano-vesicles: Characterization, functional food potential, and emerging therapeutic applications as a nano medicine

Plant cells release exosome-like nanovesicles (PENVs), which are small, membrane-bound vesicles secreted by cells for intercellular interactions. These vesicles, rich in biologically active substances, are crucial for information transmission, intercellular interaction, and organism homeostasis conservation. They can also be used for treating diseases as large-scale drug carriers due to their vesicular architecture. This study explores the isolation, potential of nanovesicles in creating bio-therapeutic and drug-delivery nano-platforms to address clinical challenges. The bio-therapeutic roles of PENVs, include immunomodulation, antitumor, regenerative impacts, wound healing, anti-fibrosis, whitening effects, and treatment of intestinal flora disorders. This study also deliberates the potential for designing these nanovesicles into effective, safe, and non-immunogenic nano-vectors to carry drugs. PENVs may offer a cutting-edge platform for the creation of functional foods and nutraceuticals. They might be employed to encapsulate certain bioactive substances produced from plants, offering tailored health privileges. It also elucidates the potential for the development of therapeutic and provision nano-platforms based on PENVs in clinical applications.