Polyphenols and intestinal microorganisms: A review of their interactions and effects on human health

This review explores the complex interactions between polyphenols and intestinal microorganisms, highlighting their significant impact on human health. Polyphenols, abundant in various plant-based foods, are renowned for their anti-aging, antioxidant, and lipid-lowering effects, primarily mediated through their metabolism by gut microbiota. This review investigates the absorption mechanisms of polyphenols, their metabolic pathways within the gastrointestinal tract, and the bidirectional influences between polyphenols and gut microorganisms. Key findings reveal how these interactions modulate the composition of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites, thereby influencing the gastrointestinal system, immune responses, and cardiovascular health. Additionally, the review provides a thorough analysis of recent advancements in enhancing polyphenol bioavailability, including nanoencapsulation and synergistic combinations with other bioactive compounds. By synthesizing current research, this review offers a robust theoretical framework for future studies aimed at optimizing human health through dietary polyphenols. Practical applications and future research directions are discussed, emphasizing the potential for developing innovative functional foods and therapeutic strategies that leverage polyphenol-microbiota interactions. This work aims to advance the understanding of polyphenol-gut microbiota dynamics, thereby contributing to the fields of nutritional science and health intervention.