{"title":"神奇蘑菇(Psilocybe cubensis)中的一种色胺类生物碱--迷幻蘑菇素的药代动力学:系统综述。","authors":"Nilubon Thaoboonruang, Manupat Lohitnavy, Ornrat Lohitnavy","doi":"10.1080/02791072.2024.2399128","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Psilocybin, a major indole alkaloid found in magic mushrooms (<i>Psilocybe cubensis</i>), has recently drawn attention as a breakthrough therapy to treat major depressive disorder. This review aimed to summarize and identify knowledge gaps concerning their pharmacokinetic characteristics of psilocybin and its active metabolite, psilocin. Original studies related to pharmacokinetics of psilocybin conducted <i>in vitro</i>, animals, and humans were systematically collected from PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, from their inceptions to November 2023. Twenty articles were included in this work and assessed for study quality. A comprehensive review of the pharmacokinetics of psilocybin and psilocin in both animals and humans was performed. Psilocybin is considered a prodrug that is dephosphorylated to psilocin by alkaline phosphatase. Following ingestion, the peak psilocin plasma and brain levels were rapidly achieved in a dose-dependent manner. Psilocin is metabolized primarily through both Phase I and Phase II processes with the half-life of 2-3 hours. This review also identified lack of some pharmacokinetic related information and limitations of available research that may help direct future investigations to better understand the pharmacokinetics and improve study design including dose selection and dosage optimization.</p>","PeriodicalId":16902,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychoactive drugs","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Pharmacokinetics of Psilocybin, a Tryptamine Alkaloid in Magic Mushroom (<i>Psilocybe cubensis</i>): A Systematic Review.\",\"authors\":\"Nilubon Thaoboonruang, Manupat Lohitnavy, Ornrat Lohitnavy\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/02791072.2024.2399128\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><p>Psilocybin, a major indole alkaloid found in magic mushrooms (<i>Psilocybe cubensis</i>), has recently drawn attention as a breakthrough therapy to treat major depressive disorder. This review aimed to summarize and identify knowledge gaps concerning their pharmacokinetic characteristics of psilocybin and its active metabolite, psilocin. Original studies related to pharmacokinetics of psilocybin conducted <i>in vitro</i>, animals, and humans were systematically collected from PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, from their inceptions to November 2023. Twenty articles were included in this work and assessed for study quality. A comprehensive review of the pharmacokinetics of psilocybin and psilocin in both animals and humans was performed. Psilocybin is considered a prodrug that is dephosphorylated to psilocin by alkaline phosphatase. Following ingestion, the peak psilocin plasma and brain levels were rapidly achieved in a dose-dependent manner. Psilocin is metabolized primarily through both Phase I and Phase II processes with the half-life of 2-3 hours. This review also identified lack of some pharmacokinetic related information and limitations of available research that may help direct future investigations to better understand the pharmacokinetics and improve study design including dose selection and dosage optimization.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":16902,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Journal of psychoactive drugs\",\"volume\":\" \",\"pages\":\"1-13\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.1000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-09-10\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Journal of psychoactive drugs\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"3\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2024.2399128\",\"RegionNum\":4,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of psychoactive drugs","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2024.2399128","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
迷幻蘑菇(Psilocybe cubensis)中的一种主要吲哚生物碱--迷幻蘑菇素最近作为一种治疗重度抑郁症的突破性疗法引起了人们的关注。本综述旨在总结并找出有关迷幻蘑菇素及其活性代谢物迷幻蘑菇素的药代动力学特征的知识空白。我们从 PubMed、Scopus 和 ScienceDirect 上系统地收集了从开始到 2023 年 11 月期间在体外、动物和人体中进行的有关迷幻药药代动力学的原始研究。本研究共收录了 20 篇文章,并对其研究质量进行了评估。对迷幻药和迷幻素在动物和人体中的药代动力学进行了全面回顾。迷幻药被认为是一种原药,会被碱性磷酸酶去磷酸化为迷幻素。在摄入后,麦西洛辛的血浆和大脑水平会迅速达到峰值,其变化与剂量有关。西洛辛主要通过 I 期和 II 期过程代谢,半衰期为 2-3 小时。本综述还发现了一些药代动力学相关信息的缺乏和现有研究的局限性,这些信息和局限性可能有助于指导未来的研究,从而更好地了解药代动力学,改进研究设计,包括剂量选择和剂量优化。
Pharmacokinetics of Psilocybin, a Tryptamine Alkaloid in Magic Mushroom (Psilocybe cubensis): A Systematic Review.
Psilocybin, a major indole alkaloid found in magic mushrooms (Psilocybe cubensis), has recently drawn attention as a breakthrough therapy to treat major depressive disorder. This review aimed to summarize and identify knowledge gaps concerning their pharmacokinetic characteristics of psilocybin and its active metabolite, psilocin. Original studies related to pharmacokinetics of psilocybin conducted in vitro, animals, and humans were systematically collected from PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, from their inceptions to November 2023. Twenty articles were included in this work and assessed for study quality. A comprehensive review of the pharmacokinetics of psilocybin and psilocin in both animals and humans was performed. Psilocybin is considered a prodrug that is dephosphorylated to psilocin by alkaline phosphatase. Following ingestion, the peak psilocin plasma and brain levels were rapidly achieved in a dose-dependent manner. Psilocin is metabolized primarily through both Phase I and Phase II processes with the half-life of 2-3 hours. This review also identified lack of some pharmacokinetic related information and limitations of available research that may help direct future investigations to better understand the pharmacokinetics and improve study design including dose selection and dosage optimization.