Assessment of the potential susceptibility of planktonic cells and bacterial biofilms by diosgenin

Bacterial biofilms are formed by a complex community of microorganisms, held together by a matrix that provides structural support and stability to microbial communities, making infections associated with biofilms more difficult to treat. In the face of growing research in the health area in search of antibiotics with action against biofilms, natural products present an effective alternative strategy. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate bacterial biofilm formation, assess the susceptibility of planktonic cells to diosgenin, and examine its efficacy on inhibiting and treating biofilms. The broth microdilution method was used to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Six bacterial strains were tested: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 24, Enterococcus faecalis INCQS 0017, Enterococcus faecalis INCQS 00018, and Enterococcus faecalis INCQS 654. The crystal violet method was employed to evaluate the potential of diosgenin in biofilm inhibition and eradication. Chlorhexidine gluconate served as a reference standard for the antibiofilm assays, along with the antibiotics norfloxacin, ampicillin, and gentamicin. MIC determination revealed that diosgenin exhibited intrinsic antimicrobial activity, with an MIC of 406 μg/mL against S. aureus ATCC 25923. The antibiofilm activity showed significant inhibition for E. faecalis 17 and moderate inhibition against E. faecalis 654 and S. aureus 25923. Furthermore, diosgenin effectively eradicated preformed biofilms of S. aureus 25923 and P. aeruginosa 9027, indicating its ability to interfere with biofilm biomass. These results suggest that diosgenin not only inhibits bacterial biofilm formation but also eradicates established biofilms, highlighting it as a promising candidate for the development of products aimed at combating bacterial biofilms.