Pierluigi Mazzei, Andrea Sica, Claudio Migliaro, Gessica Altieri, Nicola Funicello, Salvatore De Pasquale, Alessandro Piccolo, Giuseppe Celano
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Moreover, it is necessary to establish a reliable relationship between the grape quality and the spatial microvariability of the vineyard’s soil. On this basis, the main objective of this work consisted in correlating structural and morphological characteristics (via MRI), the primary metabolome (via semi-solid state HRMAS NMR) and important nutraceutical parameters (total phenols and antioxidants via DPPH assay) of F and P grapes with both the action of preparation 500 biostimulant and the vineyard soil microvariability, based on soil apparent electrical conductivity.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>HRMAS enabled the identification of the primary metabolome of F and P. The elaboration of <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectra through chemometrics revealed significant changes in F and P grapes, accounting for both soil microvariability and the application of field spray (the latter also confirmed by PLS-DA and Heat-map clustering). Interestingly, for both F and P it was observed a significantly lower content of carbohydrates after biostimulant treatment while MRI revealed diagnostic structural and internal details of intact grapes. The combined use of proton parametric indices, such as relaxation times and diffusion coefficients, indicated alterations induced in grapes by both the spatial microvariability of the soil and the effects of investigated biostimulant. Interestingly, a tight correlation was found between MRI transverse relaxation time and the contents in total phenols and antioxidants.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Our results have proven that both soil spatial microvariability and the application of field spray preparation 500 significantly affect the structural, metabolomic and nutraceutical characteristics of grapes. Moreover, the preparation 500 treatment has increased the nutraceutical value of grapes. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
背景 意大利的一些葡萄浆果品种，如菲亚诺（Fiano）和黑帕拉格瑞罗（Pallagrello Nero），是国家战略产品。因此，重要的是要确定强调其特殊性的土壤条件，并找到创新和可持续的处理方法，以提高其成分和营养质量。田间喷雾制剂 500 是一种生物动力产品，据推测可作为葡萄树的生物刺激剂。然而，迄今为止，仍缺乏对其有效性进行研究的科学成果。此外，有必要在葡萄质量和葡萄园土壤的空间微变性之间建立可靠的关系。在此基础上，这项工作的主要目标是将 F 型和 P 型葡萄的结构和形态特征（通过核磁共振成像）、初级代谢组（通过半固态 HRMAS NMR）和重要营养保健参数（通过 DPPH 法检测总酚和抗氧化剂）与制备 500 生物刺激剂的作用和葡萄园土壤微变性（基于土壤表观电导率）联系起来。通过化学计量学对 1H NMR 光谱进行分析，发现 F 葡萄和 P 葡萄在土壤微变性和施用田间喷洒后都发生了显著变化（PLS-DA 和热图聚类也证实了后者）。有趣的是，经生物刺激剂处理后，F 型和 P 型葡萄的碳水化合物含量明显降低，而核磁共振成像则显示了完整葡萄的结构和内部细节。质子参数指数（如弛豫时间和扩散系数）的综合使用表明，土壤的空间微变性和所研究的生物刺激剂的影响都会导致葡萄发生变化。有趣的是，核磁共振成像横向弛豫时间与总酚和抗氧化剂含量之间存在紧密的相关性。结论我们的研究结果证明，土壤空间微变性和田间喷洒制剂 500 都会显著影响葡萄的结构、代谢组学和营养特性。此外，500 号制剂还提高了葡萄的营养保健价值。重要的是，这些数据可用于促进和保护生物动力葡萄，并预测所酿造葡萄酒的质量。
MRI and HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy to correlate structural characteristics and the metabolome of Fiano and Pallagrello grapes with the action of field spray preparation 500 and the soil spatial microvariability
Background
A number of Italian grape berry varieties, such as Fiano (F) and Pallagrello Nero (P), represent National strategic products. Therefore, it is important to identify soil conditions emphasizing their peculiar characteristics as well as find innovative and sustainable treatments improving their compositional and nutraceutical quality. The field spray preparation 500 is a biodynamic product that is presumed to serve as biostimulant on the vine. However, so far, the scientific results probing its effectiveness are still lacking. Moreover, it is necessary to establish a reliable relationship between the grape quality and the spatial microvariability of the vineyard’s soil. On this basis, the main objective of this work consisted in correlating structural and morphological characteristics (via MRI), the primary metabolome (via semi-solid state HRMAS NMR) and important nutraceutical parameters (total phenols and antioxidants via DPPH assay) of F and P grapes with both the action of preparation 500 biostimulant and the vineyard soil microvariability, based on soil apparent electrical conductivity.
Results
HRMAS enabled the identification of the primary metabolome of F and P. The elaboration of 1H NMR spectra through chemometrics revealed significant changes in F and P grapes, accounting for both soil microvariability and the application of field spray (the latter also confirmed by PLS-DA and Heat-map clustering). Interestingly, for both F and P it was observed a significantly lower content of carbohydrates after biostimulant treatment while MRI revealed diagnostic structural and internal details of intact grapes. The combined use of proton parametric indices, such as relaxation times and diffusion coefficients, indicated alterations induced in grapes by both the spatial microvariability of the soil and the effects of investigated biostimulant. Interestingly, a tight correlation was found between MRI transverse relaxation time and the contents in total phenols and antioxidants.
Conclusions
Our results have proven that both soil spatial microvariability and the application of field spray preparation 500 significantly affect the structural, metabolomic and nutraceutical characteristics of grapes. Moreover, the preparation 500 treatment has increased the nutraceutical value of grapes. Importantly, these data may be potentially used to promote and protect biodynamic grape and predict the quality of the resulting wines.
期刊介绍：
Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture is an international, interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed forum for the advancement and application to all fields of agriculture of modern chemical, biochemical and molecular technologies. The scope of this journal includes chemical and biochemical processes aimed to increase sustainable agricultural and food production, the evaluation of quality and origin of raw primary products and their transformation into foods and chemicals, as well as environmental monitoring and remediation. Of special interest are the effects of chemical and biochemical technologies, also at the nano and supramolecular scale, on the relationships between soil, plants, microorganisms and their environment, with the help of modern bioinformatics. Another special focus is the use of modern bioorganic and biological chemistry to develop new technologies for plant nutrition and bio-stimulation, advancement of biorefineries from biomasses, safe and traceable food products, carbon storage in soil and plants and restoration of contaminated soils to agriculture.
This journal presents the first opportunity to bring together researchers from a wide number of disciplines within the agricultural chemical and biological sciences, from both industry and academia. The principle aim of Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture is to allow the exchange of the most advanced chemical and biochemical knowledge to develop technologies which address one of the most pressing challenges of our times - sustaining a growing world population.
Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture publishes original research articles, short letters and invited reviews. Articles from scientists in industry, academia as well as private research institutes, non-governmental and environmental organizations are encouraged.
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