Microstructure and bionic engineering of triphase reaction interface for zinc-air batteries

Zinc-air batteries (ZABs) hold immense promise for energy storage due to their potential advantages over existing technologies in terms of electrochemical performance, cost, and safety. Nevertheless, the commercialization of ZABs is still limited by the slow cathode reaction, especially the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) during discharge and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) during charging. In the region of the triphase catalyst/electrolyte/gas interface that is decisive for the performance of ZABs, the low utilization of catalytic sites and the lack of oxygen transfer efficiency are the key constraints on the enhancement of performance. Recent advancements have aimed to address these interfacial limitations through innovative microstructure and bioinspired engineering approaches. This review delves into these latest developments, investigating interfacial issues at both the microscopic and mesoscopic levels. Furthermore, we explore the development of a comprehensive theory–structure–function relationship based on the triphase interface, encompassing in-depth understanding, structural considerations, and microenvironmental modulation. Finally, this review identifies the principal challenges, potential opportunities, and prospective avenues for the regulation of triphase interfaces. This review discusses established strategies and promising research directions aimed at further improving the performance of ZABs with the aim of advancing the commercialization of ZABs and paving the way toward clean and sustainable energy storage solutions.