Michelle J. Duffy, Kathryn A. Feltman, Amanda M. Kelley, Ryan Mackie
{"title":"经颅直流电刺激增强功能的相关局限性:现役士兵对性能权衡的考虑","authors":"Michelle J. Duffy, Kathryn A. Feltman, Amanda M. Kelley, Ryan Mackie","doi":"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1444450","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"IntroductionTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation method, popular due to its low cost, ease-of-application, and portability. As such, it has gained traction in examining its potential for cognitive enhancement in a diverse range of populations, including active-duty military. However, current literature presents mixed results regarding its efficacy and limited evaluations of possible undesirable side-effects (such as degradation to cognitive processes).MethodsTo further examine its potential for enhancing cognition, a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled, within-subjects design, was used to evaluate both online active-anodal and -cathodal on several cognitive tasks administered. Potential undesirable side effects related to mood, sleepiness, and cognitive performance, were also assessed. Active tDCS was applied for 30 min, using 2 mA, to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with an extracephalic reference placed on the contralateral arm of 27 (14 males) active-duty Soldiers.ResultsWe report mixed results. Specifically, we found improvements in sustained attention (active-anodal) for males in reaction time (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.024, η<jats:italic>p</jats:italic><jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.16) and for sensitivity index in females (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.013, η<jats:italic>p</jats:italic><jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.18). In addition, we found faster reaction time (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.034, η<jats:italic>p</jats:italic><jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.15) and increased accuracy (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.029, η<jats:italic>p</jats:italic><jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.16) associated with executive function (active-anodal and -cathodal), and worsened working memory performance (active-cathodal; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.008, η<jats:italic>p</jats:italic><jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.18). Additionally, we found increased risk-taking with active-anodal (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.001, η<jats:italic>p</jats:italic><jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.33).DiscussiontDCS may hold promise as a method for cognitive enhancement, as evidenced by our findings related to sustained attention and executive function. However, we caution that further study is required to better understand additional parameters and limitations that may explain results, as our study only focused on anode vs. cathode stimulation. Risk-taking was examined secondary to our main interests which warrants further experimental investigation isolating potential tradeoffs that may be associated with tDCS simulation.","PeriodicalId":12536,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4000,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Limitations associated with transcranial direct current stimulation for enhancement: considerations of performance tradeoffs in active-duty Soldiers\",\"authors\":\"Michelle J. Duffy, Kathryn A. Feltman, Amanda M. Kelley, Ryan Mackie\",\"doi\":\"10.3389/fnhum.2024.1444450\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"IntroductionTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation method, popular due to its low cost, ease-of-application, and portability. As such, it has gained traction in examining its potential for cognitive enhancement in a diverse range of populations, including active-duty military. However, current literature presents mixed results regarding its efficacy and limited evaluations of possible undesirable side-effects (such as degradation to cognitive processes).MethodsTo further examine its potential for enhancing cognition, a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled, within-subjects design, was used to evaluate both online active-anodal and -cathodal on several cognitive tasks administered. Potential undesirable side effects related to mood, sleepiness, and cognitive performance, were also assessed. Active tDCS was applied for 30 min, using 2 mA, to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with an extracephalic reference placed on the contralateral arm of 27 (14 males) active-duty Soldiers.ResultsWe report mixed results. Specifically, we found improvements in sustained attention (active-anodal) for males in reaction time (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.024, η<jats:italic>p</jats:italic><jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.16) and for sensitivity index in females (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.013, η<jats:italic>p</jats:italic><jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.18). In addition, we found faster reaction time (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.034, η<jats:italic>p</jats:italic><jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.15) and increased accuracy (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.029, η<jats:italic>p</jats:italic><jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.16) associated with executive function (active-anodal and -cathodal), and worsened working memory performance (active-cathodal; <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.008, η<jats:italic>p</jats:italic><jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.18). Additionally, we found increased risk-taking with active-anodal (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.001, η<jats:italic>p</jats:italic><jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.33).DiscussiontDCS may hold promise as a method for cognitive enhancement, as evidenced by our findings related to sustained attention and executive function. However, we caution that further study is required to better understand additional parameters and limitations that may explain results, as our study only focused on anode vs. cathode stimulation. Risk-taking was examined secondary to our main interests which warrants further experimental investigation isolating potential tradeoffs that may be associated with tDCS simulation.\",\"PeriodicalId\":12536,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.4000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-07-26\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"3\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2024.1444450\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q3\",\"JCRName\":\"NEUROSCIENCES\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2024.1444450","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"NEUROSCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
Limitations associated with transcranial direct current stimulation for enhancement: considerations of performance tradeoffs in active-duty Soldiers
IntroductionTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation method, popular due to its low cost, ease-of-application, and portability. As such, it has gained traction in examining its potential for cognitive enhancement in a diverse range of populations, including active-duty military. However, current literature presents mixed results regarding its efficacy and limited evaluations of possible undesirable side-effects (such as degradation to cognitive processes).MethodsTo further examine its potential for enhancing cognition, a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled, within-subjects design, was used to evaluate both online active-anodal and -cathodal on several cognitive tasks administered. Potential undesirable side effects related to mood, sleepiness, and cognitive performance, were also assessed. Active tDCS was applied for 30 min, using 2 mA, to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with an extracephalic reference placed on the contralateral arm of 27 (14 males) active-duty Soldiers.ResultsWe report mixed results. Specifically, we found improvements in sustained attention (active-anodal) for males in reaction time (p = 0.024, ηp2 = 0.16) and for sensitivity index in females (p = 0.013, ηp2 = 0.18). In addition, we found faster reaction time (p = 0.034, ηp2 = 0.15) and increased accuracy (p = 0.029, ηp2 = 0.16) associated with executive function (active-anodal and -cathodal), and worsened working memory performance (active-cathodal; p = 0.008, ηp2 = 0.18). Additionally, we found increased risk-taking with active-anodal (p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.33).DiscussiontDCS may hold promise as a method for cognitive enhancement, as evidenced by our findings related to sustained attention and executive function. However, we caution that further study is required to better understand additional parameters and limitations that may explain results, as our study only focused on anode vs. cathode stimulation. Risk-taking was examined secondary to our main interests which warrants further experimental investigation isolating potential tradeoffs that may be associated with tDCS simulation.
期刊介绍:
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience is a first-tier electronic journal devoted to understanding the brain mechanisms supporting cognitive and social behavior in humans, and how these mechanisms might be altered in disease states. The last 25 years have seen an explosive growth in both the methods and the theoretical constructs available to study the human brain. Advances in electrophysiological, neuroimaging, neuropsychological, psychophysical, neuropharmacological and computational approaches have provided key insights into the mechanisms of a broad range of human behaviors in both health and disease. Work in human neuroscience ranges from the cognitive domain, including areas such as memory, attention, language and perception to the social domain, with this last subject addressing topics, such as interpersonal interactions, social discourse and emotional regulation. How these processes unfold during development, mature in adulthood and often decline in aging, and how they are altered in a host of developmental, neurological and psychiatric disorders, has become increasingly amenable to human neuroscience research approaches. Work in human neuroscience has influenced many areas of inquiry ranging from social and cognitive psychology to economics, law and public policy. Accordingly, our journal will provide a forum for human research spanning all areas of human cognitive, social, developmental and translational neuroscience using any research approach.