{"title":"比较索氏提取法和微波辅助提取法测定土壤和玉米作物中除草剂的效率:累积风险和健康风险评估","authors":"Sandisiwe Zondo, Precious Mahlambi","doi":"10.1002/efd2.177","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>The effectiveness of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and Soxhlet extraction (SE) was compared for the determination of herbicides (atrazine, 2.4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, mesotrione, and glyphosate) in soil and maize crop followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector. The recoveries of herbicides in maize and soil were 62%–80% and 70%–81%, respectively, for SE, whereas they were 80%–98% and 85%–101%, respectively, for MAE. The analysis repeatability, represented as relative standard deviations were <20% for all herbicides in both methods. All the herbicides calibration curves showed a good correlation coefficient (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup>) ≥ 0.996, indicating good linearity. The SE limits of detection and quantification ranged between 0.22 and 0.32 µg L<sup>−1</sup>, and between 2.2 and 3.2 µg L<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, whereas they were between 0.1 and 0.29 µg L<sup>−1</sup>, and between 1.0 and 2.9 µg L<sup>−1</sup>, respectively for MAE. These findings showed that MAE method is more accurate and sensitive than SE, thus can be accurately applied for the determination of the assessed herbicides in soil and maize cop. Herbicides concentrations obtained ranged from 2.7 to 20.4 µg L<sup>−1</sup> in maize and from 1.2 to 30.5 µg L<sup>−1</sup> in soil samples. The concentrations obtained in maize were higher than the maximum residue limits suggesting that health effect may occur upon continuous consumption. The herbicides toxicity index further confirmed the possible high toxicity effect of the studied maize crop as it exceeded the threshold value of 1. However, the health risk index was lower than 100% limit and did not exceed the acceptable daily intake of the maize crop in both adult and children indicating no health effect.</p>","PeriodicalId":11436,"journal":{"name":"eFood","volume":"5 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0000,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/efd2.177","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Comparison of soxhlet and microwave-assisted extractions efficiency for the determination of herbicides in soil and maize crop: Cumulative and health risks assessment\",\"authors\":\"Sandisiwe Zondo, Precious Mahlambi\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/efd2.177\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p>The effectiveness of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and Soxhlet extraction (SE) was compared for the determination of herbicides (atrazine, 2.4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, mesotrione, and glyphosate) in soil and maize crop followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector. The recoveries of herbicides in maize and soil were 62%–80% and 70%–81%, respectively, for SE, whereas they were 80%–98% and 85%–101%, respectively, for MAE. The analysis repeatability, represented as relative standard deviations were <20% for all herbicides in both methods. All the herbicides calibration curves showed a good correlation coefficient (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup>) ≥ 0.996, indicating good linearity. The SE limits of detection and quantification ranged between 0.22 and 0.32 µg L<sup>−1</sup>, and between 2.2 and 3.2 µg L<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, whereas they were between 0.1 and 0.29 µg L<sup>−1</sup>, and between 1.0 and 2.9 µg L<sup>−1</sup>, respectively for MAE. These findings showed that MAE method is more accurate and sensitive than SE, thus can be accurately applied for the determination of the assessed herbicides in soil and maize cop. Herbicides concentrations obtained ranged from 2.7 to 20.4 µg L<sup>−1</sup> in maize and from 1.2 to 30.5 µg L<sup>−1</sup> in soil samples. The concentrations obtained in maize were higher than the maximum residue limits suggesting that health effect may occur upon continuous consumption. The herbicides toxicity index further confirmed the possible high toxicity effect of the studied maize crop as it exceeded the threshold value of 1. However, the health risk index was lower than 100% limit and did not exceed the acceptable daily intake of the maize crop in both adult and children indicating no health effect.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":11436,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"eFood\",\"volume\":\"5 4\",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":4.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-07-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/efd2.177\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"eFood\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/efd2.177\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"eFood","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/efd2.177","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Comparison of soxhlet and microwave-assisted extractions efficiency for the determination of herbicides in soil and maize crop: Cumulative and health risks assessment
The effectiveness of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and Soxhlet extraction (SE) was compared for the determination of herbicides (atrazine, 2.4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, mesotrione, and glyphosate) in soil and maize crop followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector. The recoveries of herbicides in maize and soil were 62%–80% and 70%–81%, respectively, for SE, whereas they were 80%–98% and 85%–101%, respectively, for MAE. The analysis repeatability, represented as relative standard deviations were <20% for all herbicides in both methods. All the herbicides calibration curves showed a good correlation coefficient (R2) ≥ 0.996, indicating good linearity. The SE limits of detection and quantification ranged between 0.22 and 0.32 µg L−1, and between 2.2 and 3.2 µg L−1, respectively, whereas they were between 0.1 and 0.29 µg L−1, and between 1.0 and 2.9 µg L−1, respectively for MAE. These findings showed that MAE method is more accurate and sensitive than SE, thus can be accurately applied for the determination of the assessed herbicides in soil and maize cop. Herbicides concentrations obtained ranged from 2.7 to 20.4 µg L−1 in maize and from 1.2 to 30.5 µg L−1 in soil samples. The concentrations obtained in maize were higher than the maximum residue limits suggesting that health effect may occur upon continuous consumption. The herbicides toxicity index further confirmed the possible high toxicity effect of the studied maize crop as it exceeded the threshold value of 1. However, the health risk index was lower than 100% limit and did not exceed the acceptable daily intake of the maize crop in both adult and children indicating no health effect.
期刊介绍:
eFood is the official journal of the International Association of Dietetic Nutrition and Safety (IADNS) which eFood aims to cover all aspects of food science and technology. The journal’s mission is to advance and disseminate knowledge of food science, and to promote and foster research into the chemistry, nutrition and safety of food worldwide, by supporting open dissemination and lively discourse about a wide range of the most important topics in global food and health.
The Editors welcome original research articles, comprehensive reviews, mini review, highlights, news, short reports, perspectives and correspondences on both experimental work and policy management in relation to food chemistry, nutrition, food health and safety, etc. Research areas covered in the journal include, but are not limited to, the following:
● Food chemistry
● Nutrition
● Food safety
● Food and health
● Food technology and sustainability
● Food processing
● Sensory and consumer science
● Food microbiology
● Food toxicology
● Food packaging
● Food security
● Healthy foods
● Super foods
● Food science (general)