与过去相比,老年人的认知能力更强,与年龄有关的认知障碍也在逐渐减少

IF 5.7 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL
Stephen P. Badham
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引用次数: 0

摘要

人口寿命的延长在历史上是由婴儿死亡率的下降推动的,但现在则是由老年人死亡率的下降推动的。研究开始显示,许多与年龄有关的疾病的发病率有所下降,但在健康老龄化研究中,对认知能力的评估却出现了一些好坏参半的趋势。三项研究对老年人认知能力的时间趋势进行了评估。在对主要研究不同波次纵向数据的文献进行的荟萃分析中,研究 1 显示,与较早招募的波次相比,较晚招募的波次中老年人的认知能力有所提高。在对年轻人和老年人认知能力进行比较的第二项荟萃分析中,研究 2 表明,随着时间的推移,与年龄相关的认知缺陷越来越小。最后,在对来自一个实验室的历史数据分析中,研究 3 证实了研究 2 的结果,并表明与年龄相关的认知缺陷随时间的推移而减少,这主要是由于老年群体的认知能力随时间的推移而提高,而年轻人的认知能力在不同时期保持相对稳定。有观点认为,后来接受测试的老年人群体受益于认知环境优势(如教育、医疗保健、营养),而这些优势以前在研究中可能主要适用于年轻人群体。这些结果对认知老龄化研究产生了影响,因为认知老龄化研究产生的年龄差异可能小于历史研究。研究还认为,与痴呆诊断有关的认知障碍定义可能需要定期修订。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
The older population is more cognitively able than in the past and age-related deficits in cognition are diminishing over time

Increased lifespan in the population was historically driven by reductions in infant mortality but is now driven by reduced mortality in older adults. Research is beginning to show reduced incidence of many age-related diseases, but there have been some mixed trends observed in assessment of cognitive ability in healthy ageing research. Across three studies, time-based trends in older adults’ cognition were assessed. In a meta-analysis of literature largely studying different waves of longitudinal data, Study 1 showed cognitive improvement in later-recruited waves of older adults compared to earlier-recruited waves. In a second meta-analysis of studies comparing young and older adults’ cognition, Study 2 showed that age-related cognitive deficits were becoming smaller over time. Finally, in an analysis of historic data from a single laboratory, Study 3 confirmed the findings of Study 2 and demonstrated that time-based reductions in age-related cognitive deficits were largely driven by improvement in cognition over time in older groups, whilst young adults’ cognition remained relatively flat across time. It is argued that later tested groups of older adults are benefiting from environmental advantages to cognition (e.g., education, healthcare, nutrition) that might previously have mainly applied to young adult groups in research. These results have implications for cognitive ageing research which will likely yield smaller age differences than historic work. It is also argued that definitions of cognitive impairment related to dementia diagnosis may need to be periodically revised.

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来源期刊
Developmental Review
Developmental Review PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL-
CiteScore
11.00
自引率
3.00%
发文量
27
审稿时长
51 days
期刊介绍: Presenting research that bears on important conceptual issues in developmental psychology, Developmental Review: Perspectives in Behavior and Cognition provides child and developmental, child clinical, and educational psychologists with authoritative articles that reflect current thinking and cover significant scientific developments. The journal emphasizes human developmental processes and gives particular attention to issues relevant to child developmental psychology. The research concerns issues with important implications for the fields of pediatrics, psychiatry, and education, and increases the understanding of socialization processes.
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