Tracking Antimicrobial Resistance Along the Meat Chain: One Health Context

ABSTRACTFood-borne pathogens and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represent the significant public health challenges in the 21st century. Increased emergence of AMR in major zoonotic food-borne pathogens (Salmonella, Campylobacter) and in commensal bacteria (E. coli, enterococci), its presence in agro-food (meat) chain and environment, including control/prevention of AMR transfer from food-producing animals to humans via food consumption, is of utmost importance for public health. This review highlights the most relevant risk mitigation strategies for AMR in the meat production chain within One Health context. The monitoring and surveillance systems for AMR in meat chain are presented and briefly discussed, including sampling schemes, susceptibility testing, clinical resistance and epidemiological cut-off values. The most effective approaches to track and manage AMR in farm-abattoir-meat processing-retail continuum have been recommended, including aspects of international harmonization of critically important antimicrobials for human and veterinary use. The successful AMR monitoring and control in the meat chain can be achieved by evidence-based and integrated approach within One Health context. The application of state-of-the-art technologies and methods for detection and tracking of zoonotic food borne pathogens and AMR, such as Whole Genome Sequencing supported with data processing using Artificial Intelligence (machine learning), can contribute to achieving this goal.KEYWORDS: AMRmeat chainfood bornerisk mitigationone health Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Author contributionsIN had a role in conceptualization, methodology, data acquisition and analysis, writing original draft, supervision, validation and writing review, editing and providing a critical review; FP participated in data acquisition, writing original draft and validation; KJ contributed in data acquisition and analysis, writing original draft; SVM contributed in data acquisition and analysis, writing original draft, validation and writing review.List of abbreviations AI=Artificial IntelligenceAMR=Antimicrobial resistanceAMU=Antimicrobial useARG=Antimicrobial resistance genesAST=Antimicrobial susceptibility testingCA=Competent AuthorityCAB Abstracts=Applied life sciences bibliographic databaseCAC=Codex Alimentarius ComissionCCRVDF=Codex Alimentarius Committee on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in FoodsCDC=US Centers for Disease Control and PreventionCIA=Food and Agriculture Organization list of Critically Important AntibioticsCIPARS=Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance SurveillanceCJWZ=FAO/WHO Centre for Zoonotic Diseases and AMRCPME=Standing Committee of European DoctorsDANMAP=Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research ProgramEARS-Net=European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance NetworkEBSCO=Elton B. Stephens Company – information services/scientific databasesEC=European CommissionECOFFs=Epidemiological cut off valuesECDC=European Centre for Disease ControlEFSA=European Food Safety AuthorityEFSA BIOHAZ=European Food Safety Agency Biological Hazards PanelEMA=European Medicine AgencyEPRUMA=European Platform for the Responsible Use of Medicines in AnimalsESBL=Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coliESVAC=The European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial ConsumptionEU/EEA=European Union/European Economic AreaEUCAST=European Committee on Antimicrobial Resistance TestingEURL-AR=EU Reference Laboratory for antimicrobial resistanceFAO=UN World Health OrganizationFAO AMR=Food and Agriculture Organization Antimicrobial Resistance Action PlanFAO RENOFARM=FAO initiative to Reduce the Need for Antimicrobials on FarmsFBO=Food business operatorFDA=US Food and Drug AdministrationFVE=Federation of Veterinarians of EuropeGAP-AMR=WHO Global Action Plan on AMRGHP=Good Hygiene PracticeGLASS=WHO Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance SystemGMP=Good Manufacturing PracticeGRAS=Generally Recognized as SafeHACCP=Hazard Analysis and Critical Control PointsHIH=FAO `Hand-in-Hand` Initiative to accelerate agrifood systems transformations by eradicating poverty (SDG1), ending hunger and malnutrition (SDG2), and reducing inequalities (SDG10)HDI=UN Human Development IndexIACG=UN Interagency coordination groupIZD=Inhibition zone diametersLAB=Lactic Acid BacteriaMARAN=Monitoring of Antimicrobial Resistance and Antibiotic Usage in Animals in the NetherlandsMIC=Minimum inhibitory concentrationMRSA=Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusMSs=EU Member StatesNARMS=US National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring SystemNCP=National Control ProgrammeNETHMAP=Consumption of Antimicrobial Agents and Antimicrobial Resistance among Medically Important Bacteria in the NetherlandsNORM-Vet=Usage of Antimicrobial Agents and Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in NorwayOH=One Health approachOHHLEP=FAO/WHO/UNEP/WOAH One Health High-Level Expert PanelPCU=Population Correction UnitSRS=Simple random samplingQPS=Qualified Presumption of SafetyRESAPATH=French surveillance network for antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic bacteria of animal originRONAFA=EMA and EFSA joint scientific opinion on measures to reduce the need to use antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry in the EU and the resulting impacts on food safetyRTE=Ready-To-EatSARS-CoV2=Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2Scopus=Elsevier‘s abstract and citation databaseSDGs=UN Sustainable Development GoalsSDG1=Sustainable Development Goal 1: Eradicating povertySDG2=Sustainable Development Goal 2: Ending hunger and malnutritionSDG10=Sustainable Development Goal 10: Reducing inequalitiesSVARM=Swedish Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance MonitoringSWEDRES=Swedish Antibiotic Utilisation and Resistance in Human MedicineUNEP=UN Environment ProgrammeUSDA=United States Department of AgricultureVCIA=Veterinary Critically Important Antimicrobial AgentsVHIA=Veterinary Highly Important Antimicrobial AgentsVIA=Veterinary Important Antimicrobial AgentsVMPs=Veterinary medicinal productsWeb of Science=Platform for access to multiple databases that provide reference and citation data from academic journals, conference proceedings, academic disciplinesWGS=Whole Genome SequencingWHO=UN World Health OrganizationWOAH (OIE)=World Organisation for Animal Health, founded as `Office International des Épizooties` (OIE) in 1924.Additional informationFundingThis work is supported by the Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovations of Republic of Serbia, with reference to the Contract on realization and financing scientific and research work of Scientific Research Organization in 2023., number: 451-03-47/2023-01/200050 from February 3rd 2023.