Exploring Synthetic Pathways for 2-Acetyl-1-Pyrroline: Challenges and Prospects

ABSTRACTThis article presents a comprehensive review of the various synthetic pathways developed over the last four decades for the synthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP), a compound known for its significant contribution to flavor of rice. These approaches can be categorized into four main types based on retrosynthetic analysis: oxidation of suitable precursors, Grignard reactions involving 1-pyrroline carboxylates, cyclization of 6-amino 2,3-hexanedione, and hydrolysis of the enol ether of 2-AP. While these methods have aimed to provide alternative routes to produce 2-AP, some of them exhibit clear limitations, including complex and time-consuming synthetic steps, the use of expensive or hazardous chemicals. Additionally, the well-known instability of 2-AP presents significant obstacles to the development of its synthesis. Therefore, there is a pressing requirement for the creation of a simple, effective, and feasible method for preparing 2-AP.KEYWORDS: 2-Acetyl-1-pyrrolinesynthesisoxidationGrignard reaction6-amino 2,3-hexanedioneenol ether Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32130083).