钢筋计划理论。

IF 1.4 3区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
Peter R. Killeen
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引用次数: 0

摘要

强化的三个原则是:(1)激励和强化等事件增加了生物体的活性;(2) 该活动受到来自其他反应的竞争的限制;和(3)动物在时间和身体条件的指导下接近激励和它们的迹象,统称为“强化的偶然性”。这些原则中的每一个的数学模型都包括强化的数学原则(MPR;Killeen,1994)。在随后的几十年里,MPR被扩展到新的实验环境中。本文综述了在渐进比和多个时间表中,饱腹、热身、消光、符号跟踪、暂停和顺序控制的基本理论及其扩展。在后一种情况下,平衡目标和竞争反应的单一方程支配行为对比和行为动量。动量是基本方程中固有的,因为行为从高度激发的反应中解脱出来的速度比从更精简的环境中解脱出来要慢。习惯是积累了大量行为动力的反应。作为强化的预测因素,操作反应是通过制造它们来接近的:将爪子放在杠杆上可以接近爪子在杠杆上的视觉和感觉,就像试图寻找任何强化迹象一样。并发调度中的行为由暂时更丰富的补丁(改进)的方法控制。MPR在行为药理学和延迟折扣中的应用值得注意。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Theory of reinforcement schedules

The three principles of reinforcement are (1) events such as incentives and reinforcers increase the activity of an organism; (2) that activity is bounded by competition from other responses; and (3) animals approach incentives and their signs, guided by their temporal and physical conditions, together called the “contingencies of reinforcement.” Mathematical models of each of these principles comprised mathematical principles of reinforcement (MPR; Killeen, 1994). Over the ensuing decades, MPR was extended to new experimental contexts. This article reviews the basic theory and its extensions to satiation, warm-up, extinction, sign tracking, pausing, and sequential control in progressive-ratio and multiple schedules. In the latter cases, a single equation balancing target and competing responses governs behavioral contrast and behavioral momentum. Momentum is intrinsic in the fundamental equations, as behavior unspools more slowly from highly aroused responses conditioned by higher rates of incitement than it does from responses from leaner contexts. Habits are responses that have accrued substantial behavioral momentum. Operant responses, being predictors of reinforcement, are approached by making them: The sight and feel of a paw on a lever is approached by placing paw on lever, as attempted for any sign of reinforcement. Behavior in concurrent schedules is governed by approach to momentarily richer patches (melioration). Applications of MPR in behavioral pharmacology and delay discounting are noted.

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来源期刊
CiteScore
3.90
自引率
14.80%
发文量
83
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior is primarily for the original publication of experiments relevant to the behavior of individual organisms.
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