Quinoline Bridging Hyperconjugated Covalent Organic Framework as Solid-Phase Microextraction Coating for Ultrasensitive Determination of Phthalate Esters in Water Samples

Abstract

Phthalate esters (PAEs) are widely distributed in the environment, and this has caused serious health and safety concerns. Development of rapid and ultrasensitive identification and analysis methods for phthalate esters is urgent and highly desirable. In this work, a novel nitrogen-rich covalent organic framework (N-TTI) derived quinoline bridging covalent organic framework (N-QTTI) was fabricated and used as a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coating for the ultrasensitive determination of phthalate esters in water samples. The physical and chemical properties of N-QTTI were investigated sufficiently. The N-QTTI-coated fiber demonstrates a superior enrichment performance than either the N-TTI-coated fiber or commercial fibers under the optimized SPME conditions. For the first time, we propose a semi-immersion strategy for the extraction of PAEs from water samples based on N-QTTI-coated SPME fibers. Combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the developed method N-QTTI-SPME-GC-MS exhibits a wide linear range with a satisfactory linearity (R² ≥ 0.995). The limits of detection (LOD, S/N = 3) and the limits of quantification (LOQs, S/N = 10) were 0.17–1.70 and 0.57–5.60 ng L^–1, respectively. The repeatability of the new method was examined using relative standard deviations (RSDs) between intraday and interday data, which were 0.38–7.98% and 1.22–6.60%, respectively. The spiked recoveries at three levels of 10, 100, and 1000 ng L^–1 were in the range of 90.0–106.2% with RSDs of less than 7.48%. The enrichment factors ranged from 291 to 17180. When compared to previously published works, the LODs of the newly established method were improved 5–5400 times, and the enrichment factors were increased by at least 8 times. The absorption mechanism was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and noncovalent interaction force analysis. The technique was successfully employed for detecting PAEs in water samples.