Post-COVID-19 Sydenham Chorea: A Case Report

Abstract

Sydenham chorea, or rheumatic chorea, is a movement disorder that is more prevalent among young people, with a mean age at symptom onset between 8 and 9 years. The condition is more common in females. Sydenham chorea is associated with rheumatic fever and is considered the most common cause of acute chorea in children. We believe that the present case is worth reporting since the occurrence of Sydenham chorea as a post-COVID-19 sequela has not been described in Brazil. We report here the case of a 14-year-old girl with symptoms of acute chorea that emerged 15 days after treatment resolution of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). Brain computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging scans showed no changes, and the laboratory tests revealed no signs of an active infectious process. In contrast, neurological positron-emission tomography/CT showed mild glycolytic hypometabolism in the bilateral mesial frontal region. Administration of an oral anticonvulsant resulted in a marked improvement in her symptoms. Despite major efforts of the scientific community for discovering treatments, preventive methods, mechanisms of action, and possible sequelae of SARS-CoV-2, there is still a long way to go to better understand this devastating pathological agent that has affected the global population.