The origins of effortful control: How early development within arousal/regulatory systems influences attentional and affective control

IF 5.7 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL
Samuel V. Wass
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引用次数: 6

Abstract

In this review, I consider the developmental interactions between two domains sometimes characterised as at opposite ends of the human spectrum: early-developing arousal/regulatory domains, that subserve basic mechanisms of survival and homeostasis; and the later-developing ‘higher-order’ cognitive domain of effortful control. First, I examine how short-term fluctuations within arousal/regulatory systems associate with fluctuations in effortful control during early childhood. I present evidence suggesting that both hyper- and hypo-arousal are associated with immediate reductions in attentional and affective control; but that hyper-aroused individuals can show cognitive strengths (faster learning speeds) as well as weaknesses (reduced attentional control). I also present evidence that, in infancy, both hyper- and hypo-aroused states may be dynamically amplified through interactions with the child’s social and physical environment. Second, I examine long-term interactions between arousal/regulatory systems and effortful control. I present evidence that atypical early arousal/regulatory development predicts poorer attentional and affective control during later development. And I consider moderating influences of the environment, such that elevated early arousal/regulatory system reactivity may confer both cognitive advantages in a supportive environment, and disadvantages in an unsupportive one. Finally, I discuss how future research can further our understanding of these close associations between attentional and affective domains during early development.

努力控制的起源:唤醒/调节系统的早期发展如何影响注意力和情感控制
在这篇综述中,我考虑了两个领域之间的发展相互作用,有时被描述为人类光谱的两端:早期发展的觉醒/调节领域,服务于生存和体内平衡的基本机制;以及后来发展起来的“高阶”认知领域——努力控制。首先,我研究了唤醒/调节系统内的短期波动如何与儿童早期努力控制的波动相关联。我提出的证据表明,高觉醒和低觉醒都与注意力和情感控制的立即减少有关;但是,高度兴奋的人既可以表现出认知优势(更快的学习速度),也可以表现出弱点(注意力控制减弱)。我还提出证据表明,在婴儿期,高唤醒和低唤醒状态都可能通过与儿童的社会和物理环境的相互作用而动态放大。其次,我研究了唤醒/调节系统和努力控制之间的长期相互作用。我提出的证据表明,非典型的早期觉醒/调节发展预示着在以后的发展中较差的注意力和情感控制。我还考虑了环境的调节影响,例如,在支持的环境中,提高的早期唤醒/调节系统反应性可能赋予认知优势,而在不支持的环境中则赋予劣势。最后,我讨论了未来的研究如何进一步加深我们对早期发展中注意和情感领域之间密切联系的理解。
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来源期刊
Developmental Review
Developmental Review PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL-
CiteScore
11.00
自引率
3.00%
发文量
27
审稿时长
51 days
期刊介绍: Presenting research that bears on important conceptual issues in developmental psychology, Developmental Review: Perspectives in Behavior and Cognition provides child and developmental, child clinical, and educational psychologists with authoritative articles that reflect current thinking and cover significant scientific developments. The journal emphasizes human developmental processes and gives particular attention to issues relevant to child developmental psychology. The research concerns issues with important implications for the fields of pediatrics, psychiatry, and education, and increases the understanding of socialization processes.
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