Interaction of surfactants with Prunus laurocerasus leaf surfaces: time-dependent recovery of wetting contact angles depends on physico-chemical properties of surfactants

Abstract

Background

Surfactants are added to spray solutions because they significantly improve foliar uptake of active ingredients (AIs) into the leaves. It was intended to investigate whether surfactant solutions forming a dried deposit on Prunus leaf surfaces after they were sprayed, lead to structural and functional changes of the cuticle/atmosphere interface. This could potentially result in irreversibly enhanced leaf surface wetting, which should be of major disadvantage. Enhanced wetting could promote leaching of ions and promote leaf surface colonization with microorganisms.

Results

Prunus laurocerasus leaf surfaces were sprayed with aqueous solutions of non-ionic alcohol ethoxylates, a cationic, an anionic and one large polar surfactant. Directly after spraying and drying of the different surfactant solutions, wetting contact angles of deionized water (without surfactant) were significantly lower (between 6 and 54°) compared to wetting contact angles on untreated leaves (77°). Leaf surface wettability with deionized water was more pronounced with non-ionic alcohol ethoxylates (wetting contact angles ranging between 6 and 22°) compared to the other 3 surfactants (wetting contact angles ranging between 42 and 54°). Wetting contact angles of deionized water on leaf surfaces treated with non-ionic alcohol ethoxylates continuously increased again over time resulting in final wetting contact angles not different from untreated leaf surfaces. The time-dependent recovery of wetting contact angles was dependent on the degree of ethoxylation of the non-ionic alcohol ethoxylates. The wetting contact angle recovery rate was lower the higher the degree of ethoxylation of the alcohol ethoxylates was. With the cationic, anionic and large polar surfactant a recovery of wetting contact angles was not observed. In addition, on fully dehydrated and dead leaves wetting contact angle recovery was not observed for any of the tested surfactants after spraying and drying. Analytical determinations of the amounts of alcohol ethoxylates on the leaf surfaces after spraying and drying showed that amounts of alcohol ethoxylates decreased over time on the surface (24–72 h).

Conclusion

Our results indicate that non-ionic alcohol ethoxylates diffused within hours from the leaf surface into the leaf over time and thus fully disappeared from the leaf surface. This was not the case with the cationic, anionic and the large polar surfactants remaining on the leaf surface.

Graphical Abstract