Resolving uncertainties of the factor structures of the Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q)

Abstract

ABSTRACT Objective: The 3+1Cs model and Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q), measures the interpersonal constructs of Closeness, Commitment, Complementarity and Coorientation to appraise the nature of the relationship, yet the psychometric properties of the instrument still remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to resolve uncertainty about a suitable factor solution through applying previously used analytical methods as well as psychometric methods that are appropriate for this type of response scale, namely asymptotic distribution-free confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Rasch analysis. Method: The 11-item direct and meta-perspective versions of the CART-Q were examined utilising AMOS, LISREL and Rach analysis using a sample of 251 national football and futsal coaches and athletes. A model comparison strategy with AMOS provided a direct comparison with previous studies. LISREL and Rasch analysis was conducted to provide additional information about the CART-Q psychometric properties. Results: CFA with maximum likelihood and diagonally-weighted least squares estimation methods supported the factorial validity of the three-factor first-order model of both CART-Q versions, although a unidimensional solution was also tenable. Rasch analysis determined that the unidimensional model possessed higher reliability and provided improved coverage of participants’ scores, minimising ceiling effects. Conclusion: Research designs that require assessment of coach-athlete relationships may prefer the unidimensional model due to its superior psychometric properties. When more detailed profile scores are required, the subscale scores can still be interpreted with adequate validity and reliability KEY POINTS What is already known about the topic: The coach-athlete relationship is essential to enhancing performance and psychosocial well-being. The 3+1Cs model and Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q), represents the most popular approach to understanding coach-athlete relationships. Previous studies investigating the CAR factorial validity have identified the 3+1Cs model as a multidimensional structure with universal applicability across cultures. What this study adds: This is the first study to perform CTT and IRT, to minimise the likelihood of psychometric findings materialising as an artefact of using a particular analytic tool. Contrary to previous research, the results of this study suggest that a unidimensional structure obtained greater robustness in increased reliability, item coverage and reduced ceiling effects than the multidimensionality of the model. These results suggest that a unidimensional factor solution is a more appropriate representation of the model than previously reported and provides researchers with confidence in the psychometric properties of the questionnaires.