Episodic memory impairment in children and adolescents at risk for schizophrenia: A role for context processing

Abstract

People with schizophrenia experience episodic memory impairments that have been theorized to reflect deficits in processing context (e.g., spatio-temporal features tied to a specific event). Although past research has reported episodic memory impairments in young people at-risk for schizophrenia, the extent to which these impairments reflect context processing deficits remains unknown. We addressed this gap in the literature by examining whether children and adolescents at risk for schizophrenia exhibit context processing deficits during free recall, a memory task with high contextual demands. Our sample included three groups (N = 58, 9–16 years old) varying in risk for schizophrenia:16 high-risk, unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and/or schizoaffective disorder, 22 clinical control participants with a comorbid disorder (ADHD and/or an anxiety disorder), and 20 healthy control participants. Participants first completed a free recall task and then completed a recognition memory task. Based on established theories of episodic memory, we assumed that context processing played a more pivotal role in free recall than recognition memory. Consequently, if schizophrenia risk is associated with context processing deficits, then memory impairment should be present in free recall measures that are most sensitive to context processing (i.e., recall accuracy and temporal contiguity). Consistent with this prediction, free recall accuracy and temporal contiguity were lower for the high-risk group than the healthy controls, whereas recognition memory was comparable across groups. These findings suggest that episodic memory impairments associated with schizophrenia in unaffected, first-degree relatives may reflect context processing deficits.