Nerve ultrasonographic findings in diabetes mellitus are determined by anatomical location and type of diabetes

Abstract

Objective

A prospective ultrasound study to analyze nerve size and its modifying factors in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods

The cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of motor and sensory nerves in both upper and lower limbs were measured at 14 measurement points, using high resolution ultrasound in 26 patients with type 1 and 76 patients with type 2 diabetes, and in 50 control subjects. All diabetic patients underwent electrophysiological assessment to check for the presence of polyneuropathy.

Results

Significant mild/moderate diffuse nerve enlargement was demonstrated in type 2 diabetes, more pronounced at compression sites versus non-compression sites, and on the upper limbs versus lower limbs (p value for pooled DM2 v. control group: <0.001). In type 1 diabetes, nerve enlargement was found only at one compression site (median nerve wrist; p = 0.002). No significant difference was found between patients with or without polyneuropathy.

Conclusions

The primary predictors of nerve size in diabetes are anatomical location (i.e. compression sites versus non-compression sites, upper versus lower limbs) and type of diabetes. Changes occur before the electrophysiological signs of polyneuropathy are detected.

Significance

Nerve ultrasound may contribute to early recognition of the neuropathic complications of diabetes.