Causes of Low Milk Supply: The Roles of Estrogens, Progesterone, and Related External Factors

IF 8 1区医学 Q1 NUTRITION & DIETETICS

Advances in Nutrition Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI:10.1016/j.advnut.2023.10.002

Xuehua Jin , Sharon L. Perrella , Ching Tat Lai , Nicolas L. Taylor , Donna T. Geddes

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Low milk supply (LMS) poses a significant challenge to exclusive and continued breastfeeding, affecting ∼10% to 15% of mothers. Milk production is intricately regulated by both endocrine and autocrine control mechanisms, with estrogens and progesterone playing pivotal roles in this process. In addition to endogenously produced hormones, external substances capable of interfering with normal hormonal actions, including phytoestrogens, mycoestrogens, synthetic estrogens, and hormonal contraceptives, can influence milk production. The effects of these extrinsic hormones on milk production may vary based on maternal body mass index. This comprehensive review examines the multifaceted causes of LMS, focusing on the involvement of estrogens, progesterone, and related external factors in milk production. Furthermore, it investigates the interplay between hormonal factors and obesity, aiming to elucidate the endocrine mechanisms underlying obesity-associated LMS. Insights from this review provide valuable perspectives for developing interventions to improve milk production and address the challenges associated with LMS.

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乳汁供应不足的原因：雌激素、孕激素和相关外部因素的作用。

母乳供应不足（LMS）对纯母乳喂养和持续母乳喂养构成了重大挑战，约10-15%的母亲受到影响。牛奶生产受到内分泌和自分泌控制机制的复杂调节，雌激素和孕酮在这一过程中发挥着关键作用。除了内源性激素外，能够干扰正常激素作用的外部物质，包括植物雌激素、真菌雌激素、合成雌激素和激素避孕药，也会影响牛奶的生产。这些外源激素对产奶量的影响可能因母体体重指数而异。这篇全面的综述探讨了LMS的多方面原因，重点关注雌激素、孕酮和相关外部因素在牛奶生产中的作用。此外，它还研究了激素因素与肥胖之间的相互作用，旨在阐明肥胖相关LMS的内分泌机制。这篇综述的见解为制定干预措施以提高牛奶产量和应对LMS相关挑战提供了宝贵的视角。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Advances in Nutrition 医学-营养学

CiteScore

17.40

自引率

2.20%

发文量

117

审稿时长

56 days

期刊介绍： Advances in Nutrition (AN/Adv Nutr) publishes focused reviews on pivotal findings and recent research across all domains relevant to nutritional scientists and biomedical researchers. This encompasses nutrition-related research spanning biochemical, molecular, and genetic studies using experimental animal models, domestic animals, and human subjects. The journal also emphasizes clinical nutrition, epidemiology and public health, and nutrition education. Review articles concentrate on recent progress rather than broad historical developments. In addition to review articles, AN includes Perspectives, Letters to the Editor, and supplements. Supplement proposals require pre-approval by the editor before submission. The journal features reports and position papers from the American Society for Nutrition, summaries of major government and foundation reports, and Nutrient Information briefs providing crucial details about dietary requirements, food sources, deficiencies, and other essential nutrient information. All submissions with scientific content undergo peer review by the Editors or their designees prior to acceptance for publication.