The patterns and position of snacking in children in aged 2–12 years: A scoping review

IF 4.6 2区医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Appetite Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI:10.1016/j.appet.2023.106974

Niamh O'Kane , Sinead Watson , Laura Kehoe , Emma O'Sullivan , Aine Muldoon , Jayne Woodside , Janette Walton , Anne Nugent

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background

Childhood obesity is associated with serious comorbidities during childhood and into adulthood. One potential risk factor for childhood obesity is consumption of unhealthy, energy-dense foods. This scoping review examines evidence on snacking in children aged 2–12 years of age and presents the patterns and position of snacking in children's diets.

Methods

A search of electronic databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, PubMed, Embase) for articles published from March 2011 to November 2022 was conducted. Articles providing insight into the position of snacking (e.g., energy contribution), or patterns (e.g., location, timing), in children aged 2–12 years were included. A quality assessment was conducted and data was synthesised according to data source (nationally representative or other).

Results

Twenty-one articles were included, most (n = 13) reporting nationally representative data. The average number of daily snacks was 3, with 92.9–100.0% of children consuming snacks. Most were consumed in the afternoon (75.2–84.0%) and at home (46.5–67.3%). Snacks frequently consumed were ‘fruits and vegetables’, ‘baked desserts’, ‘sweets, candy and confectionery’, and ‘dairy products’. Snacks contributed 231–565 kcal daily, up to a third of daily carbohydrate intake, a quarter of fat intake, and a fifth of protein intake. Snacks provided up to one third of vitamin C intake, one quarter of vitamin E, potassium and magnesium intake, and a fifth of calcium, folic acid, vitamins D and B12, iron and sodium intake.

Discussion

This scoping review provides insight into patterns and position of snacking within children's diets. Snacking plays a significant role in children's diets with multiple snacking occasions occurring throughout a child's day, the overconsumption of which has the potential to increase risk of childhood obesity. Further research is required into the role of snacking, particularly specific foods playing a role in micronutrient intake, and clear guidance for snacking intake in children.

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2-12岁儿童吃零食的模式和位置:一项范围综述

儿童肥胖与儿童期和成年期的严重合并症有关。儿童肥胖的一个潜在风险因素是食用不健康的高能量食物。这项范围审查审查了2-12岁儿童吃零食的证据，并提出了零食在儿童饮食中的模式和地位。方法检索2011年3月至2022年11月发表的电子数据库(MEDLINE、Web of Science、PubMed、Embase)。文章对2-12岁儿童吃零食的位置(如能量贡献)或模式(如地点、时间)进行了深入研究。进行了质量评估，并根据数据源(具有全国代表性或其他)对数据进行了综合。结果共纳入21篇文章，大多数(n = 13)报道了具有全国代表性的数据。平均每天吃3次零食，92.9-100.0%的儿童吃零食。大部分是在下午(75.2-84.0%)和在家(46.5-67.3%)食用。人们经常吃的零食是“水果和蔬菜”、“烘焙甜点”、“糖果和糖果”以及“乳制品”。零食每天提供231-565千卡热量，占每日碳水化合物摄入量的三分之一，脂肪摄入量的四分之一，蛋白质摄入量的五分之一。零食提供了三分之一的维生素C摄入量，四分之一的维生素E、钾和镁摄入量，五分之一的钙、叶酸、维生素D和B12、铁和钠摄入量。这一范围审查提供了对零食在儿童饮食中的模式和地位的见解。零食在儿童饮食中扮演着重要的角色，儿童一天中会多次吃零食，过度食用零食可能会增加儿童肥胖的风险。需要进一步研究零食的作用，特别是特定食物在微量营养素摄入中的作用，并明确指导儿童的零食摄入。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Appetite 医学-行为科学

CiteScore

9.10

自引率

11.10%

发文量

566

审稿时长

13.4 weeks

期刊介绍： Appetite is an international research journal specializing in cultural, social, psychological, sensory and physiological influences on the selection and intake of foods and drinks. It covers normal and disordered eating and drinking and welcomes studies of both human and non-human animal behaviour toward food. Appetite publishes research reports, reviews and commentaries. Thematic special issues appear regularly. From time to time the journal carries abstracts from professional meetings. Submissions to Appetite are expected to be based primarily on observations directly related to the selection and intake of foods and drinks; papers that are primarily focused on topics such as nutrition or obesity will not be considered unless they specifically make a novel scientific contribution to the understanding of appetite in line with the journal's aims and scope.