E. Rosenfeld, C. Gidney, G. Roberts, A. Morvan, N. Lacroix, D. Kafri, J. Marshall, M. Li, V. Sivak, D. Abanin, A. Abbas, R. Acharya, L. Aghababaie Beni, G. Aigeldinger, R. Alcaraz, S. Alcaraz, T. I. Andersen, M. Ansmann, F. Arute, K. Arya, W. Askew, N. Astrakhantsev, J. Atalaya, R. Babbush, B. Ballard, J. C. Bardin, H. Bates, A. Bengtsson, M. Bigdeli Karimi, A. Bilmes, S. Bilodeau, F. Borjans, J. Bovaird, D. Bowers, L. Brill, P. Brooks, M. Broughton, D. A. Browne, B. Buchea, B. B. Buckley, T. Burger, B. Burkett, N. Bushnell, J. Busnaina, A. Cabrera, J. Campero, H.-S. Chang, S. Chen, Z. Chen, B. Chiaro, L.-Y. Chih, A. Y. Cleland, B. Cochrane, M. Cockrell, J. Cogan, P. Conner, H. Cook, R. G. Cortiñas, W. Courtney, A. L. Crook, B. Curtin, M. Damyanov, S. Das, D. M. Debroy, S. Demura, P. Donohoe, I. Drozdov, A. Dunsworth, V. Ehimhen, A. Eickbusch, A. Moshe Elbag, L. Ella, M. Elzouka, D. Enriquez, C. Erickson, L. Faoro, V. S. Ferreira, M. Flores, L. Flores Burgos, S. Fontes, E. Forati, J. Ford, B. Foxen, M. Fukami, A. Wing Lun Fung, L. Fuste, S. Ganjam, G. Garcia, C. Garrick, R. Gasca, H. Gehring, R. Geiger, É. Genois, W. Giang, D. Gilboa, J. E. Goeders, E. C. Gonzales, R. Gosula, S. J. de Graaf, A. Grajales Dau, D. Graumann, J. Grebel, A. Greene, J. A. Gross, J. Guerrero, L. Le Guevel, T. Ha, S. Habegger, T. Hadick, A. Hadjikhani, M. C. Hamilton, M. Hansen, M. P. Harrigan, S. D. Harrington, J. Hartshorn, S. Heslin, P. Heu, O. Higgott, R. Hiltermann, J. Hilton, H.-Y. Huang, M. Hucka, C. Hudspeth, A. Huff, W. J. Huggins, L. B. Ioffe, E. Jeffrey, S. Jevons, Z. Jiang, X. Jin, C. Joshi, P. Juhas, A. Kabel, H. Kang, K. Kang, A. H. Karamlou, R. Kaufman, K. Kechedzhi, T. Khattar, M. Khezri, S. Kim, P. V. Klimov, C. M. Knaut, B. Kobrin, A. N. Korotkov, F. Kostritsa, J. M. Kreikebaum, R. Kudo, B. Kueffler, A. Kumar, V. D. Kurilovich, V. Kutsko, T. Lange-Dei, B. W. Langley, P. Laptev, K.-M. Lau, E. Leavell, J. Ledford, J. Lee, K. Lee, B. J. Lester, W. Leung, L. Li, W. Yan Li, A. T. Lill, W. P. Livingston, M. T. Lloyd, A. Locharla, L. De Lorenzo, E. Lucero, D. Lundahl, A. Lunt, S. Madhuk, A. Maiti, A. Maloney, S. Mandrà, L. S. Martin, O. Martin, E. Mascot, P. Masih Das, D. Maslov, M. Mathews, C. Maxfield, J. R. McClean, M. McEwen, S. Meeks, A. Megrant, K. C. Miao, Z. K. Minev, R. Molavi, S. Molina, S. Montazeri, C. Neill, M. Newman, A. Nguyen, M. Nguyen, C.-H. Ni, M. Yuezhen Niu, N. Noll, L. Oas, W. D. Oliver, R. Orosco, K. Ottosson, A. Pagano, A. Di Paolo, S. Peek, D. Peterson, A. Pizzuto, E. Portoles, R. Potter, O. Pritchard, L. Pryadko, M. Qian, C. Quintana, G. Ramachandran, A. Ranadive, M. J. Reagor, R. Resnick, D. M. Rhodes, D. Riley, R. Rodriguez, E. Ropes, L. B. De Rose, E. Rosenberg, D. Rosenstock, E. Rossi, P. Roushan, D. A. Rower, R. Salazar, K. Sankaragomathi, M. Can Sarihan, M. Schaefer, S. Schroeder, H. F. Schurkus, A. Shahingohar, M. J. Shearn, A. Shorter, N. Shutty, V. Shvarts, S. Small, W. C. Smith, D. A. Sobel, B. Spells, S. Springer, G. Sterling, J. Suchard, A. Szasz, A. Sztein, M. Taylor, J. Priyanka Thiruraman, D. Thor, D. Timucin, E. Tomita, A. Torres, M. M. Torunbalci, H. Tran, A. Vaishnav, J. Vargas, S. Vdovichev, G. Vidal, B. Villalonga, C. Vollgraff Heidweiller, M. Voorhees, S. Waltman, J. Waltz, S. X. Wang, D. Wang, B. Ware, J. D. Watson, Y. Wei, T. Weidel, T. White, K. Wong, B. W. K. Woo, C. J. Wood, M. Woodson, C. Xing, Z. J. Yao, P. Yeh, B. Ying, J. Yoo, N. Yosri, E. Young, G. Young, A. Zalcman, R. Zhang, Y. Zhang, N. Zhu, N. Zobrist, Z. Zou, H. Neven, S. Boixo, C. Jones, J. Kelly, A. Bourassa, K. J. Satzinger
{"title":"Magic state cultivation on a superconducting quantum processor","authors":"E. Rosenfeld, C. Gidney, G. Roberts, A. Morvan, N. Lacroix, D. Kafri, J. Marshall, M. Li, V. Sivak, D. Abanin, A. Abbas, R. Acharya, L. Aghababaie Beni, G. Aigeldinger, R. Alcaraz, S. Alcaraz, T. I. Andersen, M. Ansmann, F. Arute, K. Arya, W. Askew, N. Astrakhantsev, J. Atalaya, R. Babbush, B. Ballard, J. C. Bardin, H. Bates, A. Bengtsson, M. Bigdeli Karimi, A. Bilmes, S. Bilodeau, F. Borjans, J. Bovaird, D. Bowers, L. Brill, P. Brooks, M. Broughton, D. A. Browne, B. Buchea, B. B. Buckley, T. Burger, B. Burkett, N. Bushnell, J. Busnaina, A. Cabrera, J. Campero, H.-S. Chang, S. Chen, Z. Chen, B. Chiaro, L.-Y. Chih, A. Y. Cleland, B. Cochrane, M. Cockrell, J. Cogan, P. Conner, H. Cook, R. G. Cortiñas, W. Courtney, A. L. Crook, B. Curtin, M. Damyanov, S. Das, D. M. Debroy, S. Demura, P. Donohoe, I. Drozdov, A. Dunsworth, V. Ehimhen, A. Eickbusch, A. Moshe Elbag, L. Ella, M. Elzouka, D. Enriquez, C. Erickson, L. Faoro, V. S. Ferreira, M. Flores, L. Flores Burgos, S. Fontes, E. Forati, J. Ford, B. Foxen, M. Fukami, A. Wing Lun Fung, L. Fuste, S. Ganjam, G. Garcia, C. Garrick, R. Gasca, H. Gehring, R. Geiger, É. Genois, W. Giang, D. Gilboa, J. E. Goeders, E. C. Gonzales, R. Gosula, S. J. de Graaf, A. Grajales Dau, D. Graumann, J. Grebel, A. Greene, J. A. Gross, J. Guerrero, L. Le Guevel, T. Ha, S. Habegger, T. Hadick, A. Hadjikhani, M. C. Hamilton, M. Hansen, M. P. Harrigan, S. D. Harrington, J. Hartshorn, S. Heslin, P. Heu, O. Higgott, R. Hiltermann, J. Hilton, H.-Y. Huang, M. Hucka, C. Hudspeth, A. Huff, W. J. Huggins, L. B. Ioffe, E. Jeffrey, S. Jevons, Z. Jiang, X. Jin, C. Joshi, P. Juhas, A. Kabel, H. Kang, K. Kang, A. H. Karamlou, R. Kaufman, K. Kechedzhi, T. Khattar, M. Khezri, S. Kim, P. V. Klimov, C. M. Knaut, B. Kobrin, A. N. Korotkov, F. Kostritsa, J. M. Kreikebaum, R. Kudo, B. Kueffler, A. Kumar, V. D. Kurilovich, V. Kutsko, T. Lange-Dei, B. W. Langley, P. Laptev, K.-M. Lau, E. Leavell, J. Ledford, J. Lee, K. Lee, B. J. Lester, W. Leung, L. Li, W. Yan Li, A. T. Lill, W. P. Livingston, M. T. Lloyd, A. Locharla, L. De Lorenzo, E. Lucero, D. Lundahl, A. Lunt, S. Madhuk, A. Maiti, A. Maloney, S. Mandrà, L. S. Martin, O. Martin, E. Mascot, P. Masih Das, D. Maslov, M. Mathews, C. Maxfield, J. R. McClean, M. McEwen, S. Meeks, A. Megrant, K. C. Miao, Z. K. Minev, R. Molavi, S. Molina, S. Montazeri, C. Neill, M. Newman, A. Nguyen, M. Nguyen, C.-H. Ni, M. Yuezhen Niu, N. Noll, L. Oas, W. D. Oliver, R. Orosco, K. Ottosson, A. Pagano, A. Di Paolo, S. Peek, D. Peterson, A. Pizzuto, E. Portoles, R. Potter, O. Pritchard, L. Pryadko, M. Qian, C. Quintana, G. Ramachandran, A. Ranadive, M. J. Reagor, R. Resnick, D. M. Rhodes, D. Riley, R. Rodriguez, E. Ropes, L. B. De Rose, E. Rosenberg, D. Rosenstock, E. Rossi, P. Roushan, D. A. Rower, R. Salazar, K. Sankaragomathi, M. Can Sarihan, M. Schaefer, S. Schroeder, H. F. Schurkus, A. Shahingohar, M. J. Shearn, A. Shorter, N. Shutty, V. Shvarts, S. Small, W. C. Smith, D. A. Sobel, B. Spells, S. Springer, G. Sterling, J. Suchard, A. Szasz, A. Sztein, M. Taylor, J. Priyanka Thiruraman, D. Thor, D. Timucin, E. Tomita, A. Torres, M. M. Torunbalci, H. Tran, A. Vaishnav, J. Vargas, S. Vdovichev, G. Vidal, B. Villalonga, C. Vollgraff Heidweiller, M. Voorhees, S. Waltman, J. Waltz, S. X. Wang, D. Wang, B. Ware, J. D. Watson, Y. Wei, T. Weidel, T. White, K. Wong, B. W. K. Woo, C. J. Wood, M. Woodson, C. Xing, Z. J. Yao, P. Yeh, B. Ying, J. Yoo, N. Yosri, E. Young, G. Young, A. Zalcman, R. Zhang, Y. Zhang, N. Zhu, N. Zobrist, Z. Zou, H. Neven, S. Boixo, C. Jones, J. Kelly, A. Bourassa, K. J. Satzinger","doi":"10.1126/science.aee7961","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Fault-tolerant quantum computing requires a universal gate set, but the necessary non-Clifford gates represent a significant resource cost for most quantum error correction architectures. Magic state cultivation offers an efficient alternative to resource-intensive distillation protocols; however, testing the proposal’s assumptions represents a challenging departure from quantum memory experiments. We present an experimental study of magic state cultivation on a superconducting quantum processor. We implement cultivation, including code-switching into a surface code, and develop a fault-tolerant measurement protocol to bound the magic state fidelity. Cultivation reduces the error by a factor of 40, with a state fidelity of at least 0.9999(1) (retaining 8% of attempts). Our results experimentally establish magic state cultivation as a viable solution to one of quantum computing’s most important challenges.","PeriodicalId":21678,"journal":{"name":"Science","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":47.3000,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Science","FirstCategoryId":"103","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aee7961","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Fault-tolerant quantum computing requires a universal gate set, but the necessary non-Clifford gates represent a significant resource cost for most quantum error correction architectures. Magic state cultivation offers an efficient alternative to resource-intensive distillation protocols; however, testing the proposal’s assumptions represents a challenging departure from quantum memory experiments. We present an experimental study of magic state cultivation on a superconducting quantum processor. We implement cultivation, including code-switching into a surface code, and develop a fault-tolerant measurement protocol to bound the magic state fidelity. Cultivation reduces the error by a factor of 40, with a state fidelity of at least 0.9999(1) (retaining 8% of attempts). Our results experimentally establish magic state cultivation as a viable solution to one of quantum computing’s most important challenges.
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