Nonextensive Effect on Breather Structures in Unmagnetized Dusty Plasma With Two Different Temperature Ions

Abstract

The breather soliton dynamics of dust-acoustic waves (DAWs) are examined in an unmagnetized, nonuniform dusty plasma containing negatively charged dust, two-temperature Maxwellian ions, and q-nonextensive electrons. Employing a hydrodynamic fluid model, the Gardner equation (GE), featuring quadratic and cubic nonlinearities, is derived using the reductive perturbation technique (RPT). The exact breather and multisoliton solutions, obtained via the Hirota bilinear method (HBM), exhibit localized oscillatory envelopes that cyclically concentrate and disperse energy without dissipation. Breather properties—amplitude modulation, localization, and oscillation period—are significantly controlled by the q-nonextensive parameter and ion temperature ratios. Higher q values yield narrower, more localized envelopes, while ion temperature asymmetries alter their spatiotemporal morphology. These results establish breather solitons as efficient, nondissipative energy carriers, offering insights into rogue-wave formation, particle acceleration, and energy transport in dusty plasmas, including cometary tails, planetary magnetotails, and interstellar media. Furthermore, as diagnostic tools for nonequilibrium particle populations in space and laboratory conditions.