Management of clodinafop resistant Avena ludoviciana Durieu in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by using microtubule assembly inhibitors in combination with very long chain fatty acid and PPO, ACCase and ALS inhibitor herbicides

Abstract

A. ludoviciana Durieu. is the most troublesome weed of non-paddy-wheat rotation, which has evolved resistance against clodinafop (ACCase inhibiting herbicide). The identification of alone pre and post emergence herbicides, mixtures of herbicides and sequential application of herbicides will help to manage clodinafop resistant A. ludoviciana in resistance affected areas. Two year field study was conducted at farmer’s field in Siswal village of district Hisar, Haryana, India by using randomized block design during 2016-17 and 2017-18. Herbicides selected in this study have different mode of action, i.e. clodinafop and pinoxaden belongs to acetyl-COA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, pendimehalin inhibits microtubule assembly, pyroxasulfone inhibits very long chain fatty acid synthesis, flumioxazin inhibits protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO), respectively, while metribuzin and isoproturon inhibits the pathway of Photosystem II (PS-II) and sulfosulfuron belongs to acetolactate synthase (ALS)/Acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHS) inhibitors group. The weed free (plot is free from all type of weeds), pinoxaden 50 g ha^− 1 applied as post emergence and sequential application of pendimethalin 1000 g ha^− 1 as pre emergence fb pinoxaden 50 g ha^− 1 as post emergence provided satisfactory control of A. ludoviciana (93–100%), and improvement in grain yield was 38.1–42.7% as compared to clodinafop. However, Post-emergence application of clodinafop 60 g ha^− 1 and isoproturon 1000 g ha^− 1 did not provided effective control (18–19%) of A. ludoviciana in wheat. The pre-emergence application of pyroxasulfone 127.5 g ha^− 1 and tank mixture of pyroxasulfone 106 g ha^− 1 with pendimethalin 1000 g ha^− 1 provided control (68–75%) to A.ludoviciana and improved grain yield (27.4–29.9%) of wheat in comparison to clodinafop. The pre-emergence application of flumioxazin 100 g ha^− 1 and tank mixture of flumioxazin 80 g ha^− 1 with pendimethalin 1500 g ha^− 1 provided control (65–68%) to A. ludoviciana and improved grain yield (0.4–5.2%) in contrast to clodinafop. The less improvement in grain yield of wheat was due to crop phyto-toxicity exhibited in plots immediately after first irrigation. The crop and herbicide rotation, herbicide mixtures and sequential application of different herbicides might be the best choice than single application to manage the most challenging clodinafop resistant A. ludoviciana in wheat.