{"title":"Cis-Vaccenic Acid as a Compositional Marker for Detecting High-Oleic Seed Oil Adulteration in Avocado Oil","authors":"Donpon Wannasin, Selina C. Wang","doi":"10.1002/aocs.70129","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>The rapid expansion of the global avocado oil market has intensified concerns about economic adulteration with lower-cost, high-oleic seed oils that resemble the fatty acid specifications of avocado oil. Cis-vaccenic acid C18:1 (<i>n</i>−7) occurs at higher proportions in avocado oil than in common seed oil adulterants, making it a promising complementary marker for avocado oil authenticity. However, natural compositional variability must be incorporated into threshold development to ensure reliable analytical classification of authentic oils. This study evaluates the analytical performance of cis-vaccenic acid as a compositional marker for detecting high-oleic seed oil adulteration in avocado oil using 298 authentic avocado oils representing 24 cultivars and 13 producing regions. Linear mixed-effects modeling demonstrated that geographic origin accounted for 73.7% of total variability in cis-vaccenic acid content, exceeding the contribution of cultivar (18.4%). A one-sided tolerance interval (<i>α</i> = 0.05, <i>p</i> = 0.99) established a statistically supported lower bound of 3.2%, encompassing 99.7% of authentic oils. Controlled blending experiments with common seed oil adulterants demonstrated linear decreases in cis-vaccenic acid with increasing adulteration (<i>R</i>\n <sup>2</sup> ≥ 0.99). Receiver operating characteristic analysis confirmed strong discriminatory capacity (AUC = 0.89) and identified a balanced operational threshold of 4.6%. These findings support the use of cis-vaccenic acid as a complementary screening marker within the Codex framework for improving detection of high-oleic seed oil adulteration in avocado oil.</p>","PeriodicalId":17182,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society","volume":"103 10","pages":"1259-1266"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4000,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aocs.70129","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society","FirstCategoryId":"97","ListUrlMain":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aocs.70129","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2026/6/29 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, APPLIED","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The rapid expansion of the global avocado oil market has intensified concerns about economic adulteration with lower-cost, high-oleic seed oils that resemble the fatty acid specifications of avocado oil. Cis-vaccenic acid C18:1 (n−7) occurs at higher proportions in avocado oil than in common seed oil adulterants, making it a promising complementary marker for avocado oil authenticity. However, natural compositional variability must be incorporated into threshold development to ensure reliable analytical classification of authentic oils. This study evaluates the analytical performance of cis-vaccenic acid as a compositional marker for detecting high-oleic seed oil adulteration in avocado oil using 298 authentic avocado oils representing 24 cultivars and 13 producing regions. Linear mixed-effects modeling demonstrated that geographic origin accounted for 73.7% of total variability in cis-vaccenic acid content, exceeding the contribution of cultivar (18.4%). A one-sided tolerance interval (α = 0.05, p = 0.99) established a statistically supported lower bound of 3.2%, encompassing 99.7% of authentic oils. Controlled blending experiments with common seed oil adulterants demonstrated linear decreases in cis-vaccenic acid with increasing adulteration (R2 ≥ 0.99). Receiver operating characteristic analysis confirmed strong discriminatory capacity (AUC = 0.89) and identified a balanced operational threshold of 4.6%. These findings support the use of cis-vaccenic acid as a complementary screening marker within the Codex framework for improving detection of high-oleic seed oil adulteration in avocado oil.
期刊介绍：
The Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society (JAOCS) is an international peer-reviewed journal that publishes significant original scientific research and technological advances on fats, oils, oilseed proteins, and related materials through original research articles, invited reviews, short communications, and letters to the editor. We seek to publish reports that will significantly advance scientific understanding through hypothesis driven research, innovations, and important new information pertaining to analysis, properties, processing, products, and applications of these food and industrial resources. Breakthroughs in food science and technology, biotechnology (including genomics, biomechanisms, biocatalysis and bioprocessing), and industrial products and applications are particularly appropriate.
JAOCS also considers reports on the lipid composition of new, unique, and traditional sources of lipids that definitively address a research hypothesis and advances scientific understanding. However, the genus and species of the source must be verified by appropriate means of classification. In addition, the GPS location of the harvested materials and seed or vegetative samples should be deposited in an accredited germplasm repository. Compositional data suitable for Original Research Articles must embody replicated estimate of tissue constituents, such as oil, protein, carbohydrate, fatty acid, phospholipid, tocopherol, sterol, and carotenoid compositions. Other components unique to the specific plant or animal source may be reported. Furthermore, lipid composition papers should incorporate elements of yeartoyear, environmental, and/ or cultivar variations through use of appropriate statistical analyses.
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