Effects of Real-Time Visual Feedback on Performance and Motivation in Recreational Swimmers: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract

Introduction: Real-time feedback technologies are increasingly used in endurance training. We previously showed that feedback increased compliance to prescribed training by fitness swimmers, yet their effects on long-term performance adaptations and motivation remain unclear. This randomized controlled trial investigated the extent to which real-time visual feedback during swim training improves performance and motivation among recreational swimmers. Methods: Fifty-seven participants were randomized into a feedback (FB) or non-feedback (NFB) group and were prescribed 35 workouts over 12 weeks across three training volumes (small, medium, large). The FB group used FORM Goggles to receive real-time visual feedback, whereas the NFB group completed identical workouts without feedback. Performance was assessed as the change in critical swim speed (CSS) from baseline to post-intervention, and motivation was evaluated using post-workout Likert-scale surveys assessing accomplishment, enjoyment, and intention to continue training. Results: Linear mixed-effects models revealed significant improvements in CSS over time (p < 0.001), with mean relative improvements of 6.8% in the FB group and 6.3% in the NFB group; however, there was no between-group difference (p = 0.75; Cohen’s d = 0.08). Motivation scores remained high throughout the intervention in both groups, with no significant effects of feedback or group-by-training plan interactions (all p > 0.16). Conclusions: Real-time visual feedback did not lead to greater improvements in CSS or motivation compared with non-feedback training during a 12-week structured swim training program. These findings suggest that, under the conditions tested, prescribed training volume and intensity were the primary drivers of adaptation, with no additional measurable benefit from real-time visual feedback.