Environmental persistence of fluoroquinolones: Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-based surveillance of contamination in water, soil, and food sources.

IF 4 2区农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture Pub Date : 2026-10-01 Epub Date: 2026-06-17 DOI:10.1002/jsfa.70804

Korra Hanumu, Siva Bhukya, Ravi Adinarayan Somabattini, Mallika Sengupta, Sayantan Banerjee, Satheesh Kumar Nanjappan

{"title":"Environmental persistence of fluoroquinolones: Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-based surveillance of contamination in water, soil, and food sources.","authors":"Korra Hanumu, Siva Bhukya, Ravi Adinarayan Somabattini, Mallika Sengupta, Sayantan Banerjee, Satheesh Kumar Nanjappan","doi":"10.1002/jsfa.70804","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Background: Fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibiotics persist in the environment, posing risks to ecosystems and public health through antimicrobial resistance and bioaccumulation. Effective analytical methods are essential for monitoring these residues and enforcing regulations to limit antibiotic pollution.Results: This study developed validated reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) approaches for the simultaneous detection of five FQs: norfloxacin (NFX), levofloxacin (LFX), enrofloxacin (ENR), ofloxacin (OFX), and ciprofloxacin (CFX). Two chromatographic methods were required due to structural similarities between LFX and OFX. Method I, using an Eclipse Plus phenyl hexyl column, produced retention times of 5.2 min for NFX, 5.7 min for LFX, and 7.9 min for ENR. Method II, utilizing a YMC C18 column, yielded retention times of 8.9 min for OFX and 10.7 min for CFX. Both methods demonstrated high selectivity, specificity, linearity (R 2 > 0.998), and precision (relative standard deviation (RSD) < 2 %), with Photodiode Array (PDA) detection at 280 nm. Validation followed International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) Q2R2 guidelines. Environmental samples from West Bengal, including water, soil, chicken muscle, and fish skin, were processed using solid-phase extraction. Residues of all five FQs were detected, ranging from 0.1 to 1.4 μg g-1. Ofloxacin and CFX were more frequently found in animal-derived samples, whereas NFX and ENR were predominant in water and soil.Conclusion: The validated RP-HPLC methods provide robust tools for monitoring FQ residues in diverse matrices. The widespread contamination observed highlights the urgent need for stronger surveillance, stricter regulatory enforcement, and comprehensive risk assessment to mitigate antimicrobial resistance and protect public health. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.","PeriodicalId":17725,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture","volume":" ","pages":"7807-7818"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0000,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture","FirstCategoryId":"97","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.70804","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2026/6/17 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background: Fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibiotics persist in the environment, posing risks to ecosystems and public health through antimicrobial resistance and bioaccumulation. Effective analytical methods are essential for monitoring these residues and enforcing regulations to limit antibiotic pollution.

Results: This study developed validated reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) approaches for the simultaneous detection of five FQs: norfloxacin (NFX), levofloxacin (LFX), enrofloxacin (ENR), ofloxacin (OFX), and ciprofloxacin (CFX). Two chromatographic methods were required due to structural similarities between LFX and OFX. Method I, using an Eclipse Plus phenyl hexyl column, produced retention times of 5.2 min for NFX, 5.7 min for LFX, and 7.9 min for ENR. Method II, utilizing a YMC C18 column, yielded retention times of 8.9 min for OFX and 10.7 min for CFX. Both methods demonstrated high selectivity, specificity, linearity (R ² > 0.998), and precision (relative standard deviation (RSD) < 2 %), with Photodiode Array (PDA) detection at 280 nm. Validation followed International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) Q2R2 guidelines. Environmental samples from West Bengal, including water, soil, chicken muscle, and fish skin, were processed using solid-phase extraction. Residues of all five FQs were detected, ranging from 0.1 to 1.4 μg g^-1. Ofloxacin and CFX were more frequently found in animal-derived samples, whereas NFX and ENR were predominant in water and soil.

Conclusion: The validated RP-HPLC methods provide robust tools for monitoring FQ residues in diverse matrices. The widespread contamination observed highlights the urgent need for stronger surveillance, stricter regulatory enforcement, and comprehensive risk assessment to mitigate antimicrobial resistance and protect public health. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

查看原文本刊更多论文

氟喹诺酮类药物的环境持久性：基于反相高效液相色谱的水、土壤和食物源污染监测

背景：氟喹诺酮类抗生素持续存在于环境中，通过抗微生物药物耐药性和生物积累对生态系统和公众健康构成风险。有效的分析方法对于监测这些残留物和执行限制抗生素污染的法规至关重要。结果：建立了同时检测诺氟沙星（NFX）、左氧氟沙星（LFX）、恩诺沙星（ENR）、氧氟沙星（OFX）和环丙沙星（CFX） 5种FQs的有效反相高效液相色谱（RP-HPLC）方法。由于LFX和OFX的结构相似，需要两种色谱方法。方法一，使用Eclipse Plus苯基己基色谱柱，NFX的保留时间为5.2 min， LFX为5.7 min， ENR为7.9 min。方法二，采用YMC C18色谱柱，OFX的保留时间为8.9 min， CFX的保留时间为10.7 min。两种方法均具有较高的选择性、特异性、线性度（R2 > 0.998）、精密度(RSD) -1。氧氟沙星和CFX在动物源性样品中更为常见，而NFX和ENR则主要存在于水和土壤中。结论：经验证的反相高效液相色谱法为不同基质中FQ残留的监测提供了可靠的工具。观察到的广泛污染突出表明迫切需要加强监测、更严格的监管执法和全面的风险评估，以减轻抗菌素耐药性并保护公众健康。©2026化学工业协会。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 工程技术-农业综合

CiteScore

8.10

自引率

4.90%

发文量

634

审稿时长

3.1 months

期刊介绍： The Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture publishes peer-reviewed original research, reviews, mini-reviews, perspectives and spotlights in these areas, with particular emphasis on interdisciplinary studies at the agriculture/ food interface. Published for SCI by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. SCI (Society of Chemical Industry) is a unique international forum where science meets business on independent, impartial ground. Anyone can join and current Members include consumers, business people, environmentalists, industrialists, farmers, and researchers. The Society offers a chance to share information between sectors as diverse as food and agriculture, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, materials, chemicals, environmental science and safety. As well as organising educational events, SCI awards a number of prestigious honours and scholarships each year, publishes peer-reviewed journals, and provides Members with news from their sectors in the respected magazine, Chemistry & Industry . Originally established in London in 1881 and in New York in 1894, SCI is a registered charity with Members in over 70 countries.