First Report on Bacillus-Mediated Gonad Growth and Coloration in Purple Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) Using a Plant-Meal Diet

IF 4.6 2区农林科学 Q1 FISHERIES

Aquaculture Nutrition Pub Date : 2026-05-30 DOI:10.1155/anu/7403059

Alfonso Rodríguez, Jeremie Bauer, Manuel Acosta, Carmen Paniagua-Chávez, Jorge Olmos

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Abstract

Sea urchin ranching has been proposed as a potential restorative aquaculture activity to manage sea urchins from barrens affecting kelp forests globally. However, the development of sustainable and economically viable formulated feeds for sea urchin ranching is needed. This study evaluates the effect of a plant-based diet and the incorporation of Bacillus probiotics on gonad growth, survival, and gonad coloration in purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus). Over 8 weeks, four dietary treatments were assessed: plant-based diet without Bacillus (AFC) and three probiotic-supplemented diets (AFSp0, AFSp1, and AFSp2) incorporating 2 × 10⁹ CFU kg⁻¹ of B. subtilis, B. velezensis, and B. amyloliquefaciens, respectively. Probiotic treatments achieved mean (±SE) gonadosomatic index (GSI) of 15.30 ± 0.76, 16.10 ± 0.65, and 14.30 ± 0.60 for AFSp0, AFSp1, and AFSp2, respectively. In contrast, S. purpuratus in AFC obtained 8.23% ± 0.58% (p < 0.05). Gonad weight increase (GWI) reached 634.10% ± 32.10% in AFSp2 versus 150.00% ± 15.90% in AFC (p < 0.001). Survival rates were higher in probiotic treatments (AFSp0: 81.81% ± 7.87%; AFSp1: 84.84% ± 1.51%; and AFSp2: 92.4% ± 1.51%) compared to AFC (45% ± 2.62%). Low survival in AFC may be related to nondigestible antinutritional factors (ANFs) present in plant ingredients. Finally, spectrophotometric and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses suggest the presence of putative 9-cis-echinenone (9CEC) at high concentrations in probiotic treatments. 9CEC concentration was 13.65 μg/g, 20.40 μg/g, and 17.10 μg/g for AFSp0, AFSp1, and AFSp2, respectively, representing increases of 31.88%, 97.10%, and 65.22% relative to the AFC control treatment (10.35 μg/g). These findings suggest that Bacillus strains improve gonad growth, survival, and gonad coloration in S. purpuratus fed a plant-meal diet, potentially through ANFs degradation, nutrients absorption, and carotenoid metabolism enhancement. This research aims to provide practical insights for improving sea urchin ranching while assessing the broader potential of probiotic-enhanced plant-based nutrition in sustainable aquaculture systems.

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芽孢杆菌介导的紫海胆（strongylocentrrotus purpuratus）植物性膳食性腺生长和着色研究初报

海胆牧场已被提出作为一种潜在的恢复性水产养殖活动，以管理来自影响全球海带森林的贫瘠地区的海胆。然而，需要为海胆牧场开发可持续和经济上可行的配方饲料。本研究评估了植物性饮食和益生菌芽孢杆菌对紫海胆（strongylocentrrotus purpuratus）性腺生长、存活和性腺着色的影响。在8周的时间里，研究人员评估了四种饮食处理：不含芽孢杆菌的植物性饮食（AFC）和三种益生菌补充饮食（AFSp0、AFSp1和AFSp2），分别添加2 × 109 CFU kg - 1的枯草芽孢杆菌、velezensis芽孢杆菌和解淀粉芽孢杆菌。益生菌处理后，AFSp0、AFSp1和AFSp2的平均（±SE）性腺指数（GSI）分别为15.30±0.76、16.10±0.65和14.30±0.60。而紫癜在AFC中为8.23%±0.58% （p < 0.05）。AFSp2组的性腺增重（GWI）为634.10%±32.10%，AFC组为150.00%±15.90% （p < 0.001）。益生菌组的存活率（AFSp0: 81.81%±7.87%;AFSp1: 84.84%±1.51%;AFSp2: 92.4%±1.51%）高于AFC组（45%±2.62%）。AFC的低存活率可能与植物成分中存在的不易消化的抗营养因子（ANFs）有关。最后，分光光度法和高效液相色谱（HPLC）分析表明，在益生菌处理中存在高浓度的9-顺式echinenone （9CEC）。AFSp0、AFSp1和AFSp2的9CEC浓度分别为13.65、20.40和17.10 μg/g，较AFC对照处理（10.35 μg/g）分别提高了31.88%、97.10%和65.22%。这些研究结果表明，芽孢杆菌菌株可能通过ANFs降解、营养吸收和类胡萝卜素代谢增强，改善了植物饲料喂养的紫癜斑s.s pupuratus的性腺生长、存活和性腺着色。本研究旨在为改善海胆牧场提供实用见解，同时评估益生菌增强植物营养在可持续水产养殖系统中的更广泛潜力。

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来源期刊

Aquaculture Nutrition 农林科学-渔业

CiteScore

7.20

自引率

8.60%

发文量

131

审稿时长

3 months

期刊介绍： Aquaculture Nutrition is published on a bimonthly basis, providing a global perspective on the nutrition of all cultivated aquatic animals. Topics range from extensive aquaculture to laboratory studies of nutritional biochemistry and physiology. The Journal specifically seeks to improve our understanding of the nutrition of aquacultured species through the provision of an international forum for the presentation of reviews and original research papers. Aquaculture Nutrition publishes papers which strive to: increase basic knowledge of the nutrition of aquacultured species and elevate the standards of published aquaculture nutrition research. improve understanding of the relationships between nutrition and the environmental impact of aquaculture. increase understanding of the relationships between nutrition and processing, product quality, and the consumer. help aquaculturalists improve their management and understanding of the complex discipline of nutrition. help the aquaculture feed industry by providing a focus for relevant information, techniques, tools and concepts.